Download Period # 7 Lab Groups

Chapter # 16 Review Packet:
Weather Factors
PH 16-1: Energy in the Atmosphere {Pages 526-529}
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
The Electromagnetic Spectrum Animation Link
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com:8100/legacy/college/strahler/0471669695/animations/ch02/animation1.
htm
1. Which type of radiation travels from the sun to the Earth causing you to become sunburned? Ultraviolet
2. Which type of radiation can be felt as heat? It is this type of radiation that heats the lower atmosphere by
conduction. Infrared
3. Which type of electromagnetic wave has the longest wavelength and is categorized as low frequency?
Radio Waves
PH 16-2: Heat Transfer {Pages 532-535}

Reading a Thermometer:
Sample Questions:
1.
Which thermometer records the lowest temperature reading at 66 ºC?
A. Thermometer “A”
C. Thermometer “C”
B. Thermometer “B”
D. Thermometer “D”
2.
Which thermometer reads 70 ºC?
A. Thermometer “A”
B. Thermometer “B”
C. Thermometer “C”
D. Thermometer “D”

Radiation, Conduction, and Convection:
Heat Transfer Animations Link
http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/SCE304/SCE304.swf
Heat is transferred
into the upper
atmosphere as a
result of convection.
The surface of the Earth is
heated as radiation from the
sun is absorbed.
The lower atmosphere is
heated by conduction since
it comes in contact with the
warm Earth.
1. How does the sun heat the soil of the land differently than the water of the ocean? Land heats up
quickly and cools off quickly while water heats up slowly but retains that heat.
2. How is the lower atmosphere heated after the sun heats the Earth by radiation? Conduction
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3. In what two ways could the person holding the
pot be burned? Radiation / Conduction
4. How is heat transferred through the water in
the pot? Convection
5. Which of the three types of heat transfer can
Occur through empty space? Radiation
6. Use the table of energy forms to answer the following question. Which answer best describes the
forms of energy produced by the fire?
SUMMARY OF ENERGY FORMS
Form of Energy
Heat
Potential
Chemical
Nuclear
Electrical
Light
Sound
A.
B.
C.
D.
Description
Energy that moves from hot objects to cooler ones
Energy of position or shape
Energy stored in chemical bonds
Energy stored in the nucleus of the atom
Energy of moving electrons
Energy contained in electromagnetic waves
Energy produced by vibrating objects
electrical and heat
nuclear and light
heat, light, and sound
sound and heat
PH 16-3: Winds {Pages 536-544}
Wind Measurements: Winds are horizontal movements of air from areas of high pressure to areas of
low pressure.

Anemometer
An anemometer measures wind speed in miles
per hour (MPH) or kilometers per hour (KPH).
Wind Vane
A wind vane measures wind direction. The wind
vane points to the direction from which the wind is
coming since that is how winds are named. For
example: A “west wind” comes from the west and
moves towards the east.
1. How does an anemometer work? The force of the wind against the cups turns the axle. A
speedometer attached to the axle shows the wind speed.
2. Describe the movement of a northeast wind in terms of its direction. The wind moves from
the northeast and travels toward the southwest.
3. What is the definition of a wind? A wind is a horizontal movement of air from an area of
high pressure to an area of low pressure.

Determining the Wind Chill Factor: The wind chill is the apparent temperature felt on exposed skin
due to wind.
Sample Question: If the Actual Thermometer Reading is -20ºF and the Estimated Wind Speed (in MPH) is
30 MPH, what is the Equivalent Temperature in ºF?
A. 4ºF
B. -18ºF
C. -79ºF
D. -124ºF

Local and Global Winds: All winds are formed because of the unequal heating of the Earth’s
surface. Winds are horizontal movements of air from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure.
Land and Sea Breezes Animation Link
http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es1903/es1903page01.cfm?chapte
r_no=visualization
1. What time of the day do sea breezes occur? Daytime
2. From which direction does the wind blow during
a sea breeze? from the water toward the land
3. How does the temperature of the land compare to
the temperature of the sea during a sea breeze? The
land is warmer than the water of the sea.
___________________________________________
4. What time of the day do land breezes occur? Nightime
5. From which direction does the wind blow during
a land breeze? from the land toward the sea
6. How does the temperature of the land compare to
the temperature of the sea during a land breeze? The
water of the sea is warmer than the land.

Global Winds:
Global Winds Link
serc.carleton.edu/eslabs/hurricanes/1b.html
Global Winds Animation Link
http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/genbio/tlw3/eBridge/Chp29/animations/ch29/global_wind_circulation.swf
1. At which latitudes are the Horse Latitudes? Why are the world’s deserts found along these latitudes?
25º - 30º North & South latitudes. Dry air continually sinks along these belts of high pressure.
2. Which global wind system controls the movement of weather fronts from west to east across the U.S.?
The Prevailing Westerlies
3. Which global wind system is formed in both hemispheres by the Hadley Cells? The Trade Winds
4. The Doldrums refers to a low pressure belt that exists along the equator. How does the air move in the
Doldrums, and what kind of climate or environment exists on land masses in this region due to this
type of air movement? The warm, moist air continually rises causing huge amounts of rainfall /
Tropical Rain Forests.

Effect of Living Next to Water on Climate:
Sample Question: Based on the map of South Carolina seen to the
right, which of the following statements is most likely true?
A. Myrtle Beach SC. has colder winters than Conway SC.
B. Conway has a colder climate than Myrtle Beach.
C. Conway has warmer summers that Myrtle Beach.
D. Myrtle Beach has more extreme temperatures than Conway.
PH 16-4: Water in the Atmosphere {Pages 545-546}

The Water Cycle:
Water Cycle Animation Link
http://earthguide.ucsd.edu/earthguide/diagrams/watercycle/
1. What process must occur for water vapor in the atmosphere to become the water droplets that form
clouds? Condensation
2. What name is given to the process of water drops evaporating off of the leaves of plants?
Transpiration
3. When the sun shines on a lake, liquid water becomes water vapor by which process? Evaporation
4. Sometimes precipitation infiltrates or sinks into the ground. Other times, the water moves over the
Earth’s surface into streams, rivers, lakes, or oceans. What do we call this movement of water over
the Earth’s surface? Runoff

Watersheds:
Watershed Animation Link
http://techalive.mtu.edu/meec/demo/Watershed.html
A watershed is an area of land that drains rainfall and
snowmelt into a particular body of water. The terrain of the land
around the body of water helps define the watershed. A watershed
can include many creeks, streams, and rivers. So it can be said
that a river collects water that flows from its watershed. In
Pennsylvania, many creeks form as runoff moves down the
Appalachian Mountains. Creeks and streams can combine to
form rivers. Some rivers eventually flow into lakes. Most rivers
eventually flow into bays or oceans. When this happens, the
freshwater from the rivers mixes with the salt water of the bay or
ocean. A large part of Pennsylvania lies within the Chesapeake
Bay watershed. The Chesapeake Bay watershed covers about
64,000 square miles of land.
Sample Question: Which of the following statements incorrectly
describes the relationship between a river and its watershed?
A. A watershed can contribute pollution to its rivers.
B. A watershed provides eroded sediments to its rivers.
C. A river collects water that flows from its watershed.
D. Watersheds are man-made to prevent rivers from flooding.
Wetlands: Many wetlands are freshwater bodies. Wetlands are areas of land that are under water for all or part of
the year. Wetlands include marshes, swamps, and bogs. Wetlands filter pollutants, excess nutrients, and sediments
out of the water that flows through them, so wetlands improve water quality. Wetlands also soak up excess water, so
they can help prevent flooding.
Sample Question: A river is polluted by a nearby coal mine. The river eventually flows through a marsh to
a stream. Which of these describes the most likely result of this flow of water?
A. Organisms will die because pollutants will decrease.
B. Organisms will thrive because water pollution will increase.
C. Organisms will be able to feed more easily because sedimentation will increase.
D. Organisms will remain constant because pollutants will be filtered out by the marsh.

Relative Humidity: In a psychrometer, there are two thermometers, one with a dry bulb and one with a wet
bulb. Evaporation from the wet bulb lowers the temperature, so that the wet-bulb thermometer usually shows a
lower temperature than that of the dry-bulb thermometer, which measures dry-bulb temperature. When the air
temperature is below freezing, however, the wet bulb is covered with a thin coating of ice and yet may be
warmer than the dry bulb. Relative humidity is computed from the ambient temperature as shown by the drybulb thermometer and the difference in temperatures as shown by the wet-bulb and dry-bulb thermometers.
Relative humidity can also be determined by locating the intersection of the wet- and dry-bulb temperatures on a
psychrometric chart. One device that uses the wet/dry bulb method is the sling psychrometer, where the
thermometers are attached to a handle or length of rope and spun around in the air for a few minutes.
Example Question:
Use the thermometers to the left, and the
psychrometric chart to the right to determine the
relative humidity of the air according to the dry
and wet bulb thermometer readings.
A. 66% B. 69% C. 79% D. 85%

Freshwater versus Saltwater:
DENSITY
FREEZING POINT
CONDUCTIVITY
NATURAL RESOURCES
IMPORTANCE TO
WATER CYCLE
USED FOR DRINKING
OR WATERING CROPS
Salt water is denser than fresh water because of all of the dissolved salts it contains. Because
salt water is denser than fresh water, objects float more easily in salt water than fresh water.
The dissolved salts in salt water cause the freezing point of salt water to be lower than the
freezing point of fresh water.
When sodium chloride dissolves in water, it forms charged particles called ions. The ions in
salt water make it a good conductor of electricity.
People get seafood from the oceans and use oceans for transportation and recreation.
When seawater evaporates, it leaves behind salts and other particles dissolved in it. Through
evaporation, fresh water returns to the atmosphere where it can form clouds and fall back to
the Earth as precipitation.
Unlike fresh water, salt water can not be used to drink or to water crops. Because most of the
water on Earth is not drinkable, people must keep fresh water clean and use it wisely.
1. Which requires a lower temperature to freeze, fresh or salt water? Saltwater
2. Which type of water is more dense, fresh or salt water? What happens when freshwater rivers enter
saltwater oceans? Saltwater is more dense. The freshwater floats over top of the saltwater.
3. What can be done to freshwater to make it a better conductor of electricity? Dissolve salts (ions) in it.
4. How are fresh and saltwater used as natural resources? We use these waters for recreation and
transportation. We also remove edible organisms from them for food.
PH 16-4 & 16-5: Clouds & Precipitation {Pages 547-554}

Clouds: Clouds form as air masses rise, expand, and cool causing water vapor to condense into water
droplets. Water droplets are extremely small. It takes about a million water droplets to form a rain
drop.
Cloudman.com Link
http://cloudman.com/
Basic Cloud Types
Cumulus
Stratus
Cumulonimbus
Nimbostratus
Cirrus
---------Click On The Poster Below To Access Information On Basic Cloud Types
Meteorological Causes of Precipitation Link
http://www.s-cool.co.uk/gcse/geography/weather-and-climate/rainfall-types.html
Formation of Precipitation Animations Link
http://apollo.lsc.vsc.edu/classes/met130/notes/chapter7/51_Sleet/A_51.swf
Types of Precipitation
Rain
Hail
Sleet
Freezing Rain
Snow
---------Click On The Picture Below To Access Information On Clouds & Precipitation
Sample Questions:
1. Which types of low clouds are responsible for producing misty rain or drizzle? Stratus
2. Which type of cloud produces rain showers or snow storms of long duration? Nimbostratus
3. Which types of clouds are normally produced by rapidly moving cold fronts and bring severe weather in
the form of thunderstorms? This cloud type is the only one capable of producing hail. Cumulonimbus
4. How is sleet different that freezing rain? Isn’t sleet frozen rain drops? Sleet is a raindrop that freezes
on the way down, before it hits the ground while freezing rain is rain that freezes when it hits the
ground.
5. How does snow form? Snow forms by sublimation in the cloud and remains frozen all of the way to
the ground.
6. What kind of weather generally occurs when cirrus and cumulus clouds are in the sky? Clear & Sunny