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Carbon- Based Molecules Grapple Time… Car manufacturers often build several types of cars from the same____________________. The size and style of the cars might differ on the outside, but they have the __________________________underneath. Carbon-based molecules are similar…but much more_____________. Carbon atoms have unique bonding properties I. Carbon is Often Called The Building Block of Life a. Carbon atoms are the ________________of most molecules that make up living things. b. Carbon is so important because its atomic structure gives it bonding properties that are ___________________among elements. i. Carbon has _____________unpaired electrons in its outer shell, so it can bond with up to four other atoms, including other atoms. It acts like an “____________________”. ii. Because of carbon’s ability to form four covalent bonds, it can have three basic structures- ____________________chains, _____________chains, and_________. c. Small molecules are subunits of an entire molecule, like links in a chain. Each sub unit is called a_________________. d. When monomers are linked, they form a _______________(chain). A polymer is a large molecule, or_____________________, made of many monomers bonded together. Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things I. Carbohydrates a. These are molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and____________________, and they include sugars and starches. b. Main function- Can be broken down to provide a source of _______________________for cells. c. Function- Can be used to give ____________________to plant cells, fungal cells, and the exoskeletons of some invertebrate animals. d. Monomer:_______________________. Fructose and glucose are both 6-carbon simple sugars. These are also known as___________________. e. Polymer: i. Polysaccharides such as ____________(stored by plants which can then be broken down as a source of energy) and _______________________(known as “animal starch” which is stored in the liver of animals and broken down for energy as well). ii. Cellulose is a polymer of glucose monomers that has a straight, ______________structure and gives support to plant cells. The long, stringy fibers in _____________are cellulose fibers. II. Lipids a. These are ___________________molecules that are made up of chains of carbon atoms bonded to oxygen and hydrogen atoms. b. _______________, oils, __________________, and waxes are examples. c. Main function: Broken down as a source of __________________for cells. d. Function: Part of a cell’s___________________. e. Function:___________________. f. Monomer: Three fatty acids bonded to glycerol, called______________________. g. All cell membranes are made mostly of a type of lipid called a_____________________. h. Cholesterol is a lipid that has a _________structure, and although you hear about the dangers of eating foods that contain a lot of cholesterol, your body actually needs a certain amount of it to function. i. Makes up cell_____________________. ii. Your body uses it to make steroid _______________such as testosterone and estrogen. III. Proteins a. These are the most _______________carbonbased molecules in organisms. b. Main Functions: Many! ___________________reactions, function in the ________________system, carry_______________, build structures of the body. c. Monomer-_________________. These are molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur. d. Organisms use ________ different amino acids to build proteins. Your body can make 12 of the amino acids, and you can get the others from foods you eat such as_____________________________________. e. Proteins differ in the number and order of amino acids. The ______________________determines a protein’s structure and function. f. Hemoglobin in red blood cells transports oxygen. The structure of hemoglobin depends on _____________________________between specific amino acids. Just one amino acid change causes red blood cells to have the curved shape of__________________________. IV. Nucleic Acids a. Main function: ________and ____________hereditary information, which makes proteins. b. Monomers-________________, which are made up of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen containing base. c. Examples of nucleic acids:__________________.