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Name: ________________________
Homeroom: _________________
Unit A, Chapter 1
Cells and Kingdoms
Study Guide
LESSON I - Cells
Pp. 22 – 23 What are Cells?
1. What is an organism? ______any living thing that can carry out life on its own__________
_______________________________________________________________________
2. What is a cell? _________the smallest unit of living matter_________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
3. A one-celled organism is called __unicellular____. A many-celled organism is
called _____multicellular_________________.
Pp. 24 – 25 What is inside an animal cell?
4. What are the basic structures inside of cells that help them perform life processes?
____organelles______
5. What is the function of the cell membrane? ____It surrounds the outside of the cell,
controls what goes in and out of the cell, and gives the cell its shape._________________
________________________________________________________________________
6. What is the function of cytoplasm? ___It is a gel-like liquid that fills the cell and supports
all its structures.__________________________________________________________
7. What is the function of the nucleus? ___It is the “control center” of the cell and sends
signals to all the other parts of the cell.________________________________________
8. What is the function mitochondria? ___They supply energy for the cell by breaking down
food, which releases energy for the cell to use._______________________________________
9. What is the function of vacuoles? ______It stores food, water and wastes. The nucleus tells
the vacuoles when to release the wastes.______
Pp. 26 – 27 What is inside a plant cell?
10. How is a plant cell like an animal cell? ______It has many of the same structures and
organelles_______________________________________________________________
11. How is a plant cell different from an animal cell? ___It has a boxlike shape and is larger
than an animal cell. It also has some organelles that animal cells do not have.___
12. What is the function of the cell wall? __It is a covering on the outside of the cell that gives
the plant cell strength and extra support._______________________________________
13. What is the function of the chloroplasts? _____A green structure where the energy from
sunlight is used to produce food for the plant___________________________________
14. What is chlorophyll? _____A green chemical in plant cells that allows plants to use the
Sun’s energy to make food. Chlorophyll is found in the chloroplasts.________________
15. What is different about the function of the vacuole in a plant cell? ____________________
___It is large and provides extra support. It helps keep the plant from drying out_______
by releasing extra water it stores._____________________________________________
P. 28
How are cells organized?
16. What is tissue? ____A group of similar cells that work together at the same job_________
_______________________________________________________________________
17. What is an organ? ____A group of tissues working together to do a certain job_______
________________________________________________________________________
18. What is an organ system? ___A group of organs that work together to do a certain job_
_______________________________________________________________________
Name: ________________________
Homeroom: _________________
Unit A, Chapter 1
Cells and Kingdoms
Study Guide
LESSON 2 – Classifying life
Pp. 34 – 35 How are organisms classified?
1. What is classification? ___the science of organizing categories for living things_________
________________________________________________________________________
2. What is a kingdom? __the largest group into which an organism can be classified________
________________________________________________________________________
What do scientists look at to classify organisms into kingdoms? ___by carefully
comparing the organism’s cells, tissues, organs and organ systems__________________
3. What is a species? ____a group of similar organisms in a genus that can reproduce more of
their own kind____________________________________________________________
Pp. 36 – 37 What are animals?
4. Name 4 things that make the animal
kingdom different from the other kingdoms.
a. ___They are multicellular.________________________________________________
b. ___They do not make their own food. They must eat other organisms.____________
c. ___Their cells do not have a cell wall.______________________________________
d. ___They are able to move from place to place.________________________________
5. What is a vertebrate? __an animal with a backbone_______________________________
6. What is an invertebrate? ____an animal without a backbone________________________
Pp. 38 – 39 What are plants and fungi?
7. Name 3 things that make plants and fungi different from the other kingdoms.
a. _____they have cell walls_____________________________________________
b. _____they cannot move from place to place_______________________________
c. _____they do not have true sense organs_________________________________
8. Are plants multicellular? __yes_____
9. What are vascular plants? __plants that have tissues through which water and food
move___________________________________________________________________
10. What are nonvascular plants? __plants containing no plant tissue through which water
and food move____________________________________________________________
11. How are fungi different from plants? __They obtain energy differently than plants
_______________________________________________________________________
12. How do fungi get their energy? ___by breaking down dead or decaying plants and
animals_________________________________________________________________
Pp. 40– 41 What are bacteria and protisis?
13. What type of organisms are bacteria? __Bacteria are unicellular, a single cell with no
central nucleus___________________________________________________________
14. What are the two kingdom classifications for bacteria? __true bacteria and ancient
bacteria_________________________________________________________________
15. Are bacteria harmful or helpful? ___some are harmful, others are helpful______________
16. Name three ways organisms in the protist kingdom differ from organisms in the bacteria
kingdom?
a. ______Protists can be unicellular or multicellular.____________________________
b. ______They are much larger than bacteria.__________________________________
c. ______They have a central nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles._________
17. Name 3 types of protists. ____algae, amoebas, and slime molds_____________________
P. 42 What are viruses?
18. Why do many scientists consider viruses not to be living things? __They do not carry out
all of the basic life processes. The only basic life process they carry out is reproduction._
Name: ________________________
Homeroom: _________________
Unit A, Chapter 1
Cells and Kingdoms
Study Guide
LESSON 3 - plants
Pp. 48 – 49 How are plants classified?
1. How do most nonvascular plants obtain water without a transport system? ____they are
small and live very close to the ground to absorb water___________________________
2. What are the two groups into which vascular plants are divided? seed plants and seedless plants
3. How do seedless plants reproduce? ____They reproduce with spores._________________
4. What is a gymnosperm? ____a seed plant that does not produce flowers_______________
5. What is an angiosperm? ____a seed plant that produces flowers______________________
Pp. 50 – 51 What are roots?
6. What are roots? _________ a part of the plant that absorbs water and minerals, stores food,
and anchors the plant______________________________________________________
7. In the chart below, list the functions of the different types of roots:
ROOT TYPE
FUNCTION
Aerial
Roots that anchor the plant to trees, rocks or other surfaces and absorb water
from the air and rain
Fibrous
Thin branching roots that do not grow deep
Taproots
A single, main stalk-like root that grows deep into the ground
Prop roots
They prop up and support the plant so it cannot be knocked over.
Pp. 52 – 53 What are stems?
8. What are the two functions of a plant’s stem?
a. ______they support the weight of the plant___________________________________
b. ______they serve as the transport system for the plant__________________________
9. What is xylem? _____the tissue through which water and minerals move up through a plant
________________________________________________________________________
10. What is phloem? _____the system through which food from the leaves moves throughout
the rest of a plant____________________________________________________
11. What is cambium? ______the layer in plants that separates the xylem from the phloem
________________________________________________________________________
Pp. 54 – 55 What are leaves?
12. What is photosynthesis? _____the food-making process in green plants that uses sunlight
________________________________________________________________________
13. What is transpiration? ______the loss of water through a plant’s leaves
________________________________________________________________________
14. List the 5 steps of transpiration in order.
1. __Water enters the plant’s roots. _________________________________________
2. ___Water moves through the xylem tissue up to the leaves.______________________
3. ___Water in the leaves is used to make sugar.________________________________
4. ____Sugar is then transported in the phloem tissue.___________________________
5. ___Some water evaporates through open stomata._____________________________
Pp. 56 – 57 How are photosynthesis and respiration related?
15. What is cellular respiration? ___the process in which energy is released from food
(sugar) inside a cell______________________________________________________
Name: ________________________
Homeroom: _________________
Unit A, Chapter 1
Cells and Kingdoms
Study Guide
LESSON 4 – classifying animals
Pp. 62 – 63 What are simple invertebrates
1. Sponges are asymmetrical. What does this mean? ___cannot be divided into mirror images
________________________________________________________________________
2. Cnidarians, such as jellyfish and corals, have radial symmetry. What does this mean? __a
body plan in which all body parts of an orgaism are arranged around a central point_
3. Worms have bilateral symmetry, which is ______a body plan in which an organism can be
divided along only one plane of its body to produce two mirror images______________
4. What are the three main worm groups? __flatworms____ , ___roundworms________ and
____segmented worms____________
Pp. 64 – 65 What are complex invertebrates?
5. Name 4 ways mollusks can be identified. _muscular foot or tentacles_, ____mantle______,
_____internal organs__________, and _______bilateral symmetry______
6. Give three examples of mollusks. ____snails____, ___clams__________, and
___squids_______
7. Name 2 ways echinoderms can be identified. _hard skeleton inside body_ and ____radial
symmetry___
8. Give three examples of echinoderms. _____sea stars____, _____sea urchins_________,
and ______sea cucumbers_______________
9. Name 2 ways arthropods can be identified. ____exoskeleton____and ____bilateral
symmetry_____
10. Give three examples of arthropods. ___spiders____, ____crabs______ and __insects____
Pp. 67 – 68
What are vertebrates?
11. Give examples of each type of fish below.
Jawless fish ____lamprey, hagfish___________________________________________
Cartilaginous fish ___sharks, skates, rays_____________________________________
12. Where do amphibians live? _part of their lives in the water and part of their lives on land_
13. Give some examples of amphibians. ____frogs, salamanders_______________________
14. Give some examples of reptiles. _______lizards, snakes, turtles, alligators, crocodiles____
15. What are three special features that make birds different from other vertebrates?
_____two legs and two wings______________________________________________
_____hollow bones to reduce weight_________________________________________
_____feathers____________________________________________________________
Pp. 68 – 69
What are mammals?
16. What is a monotreme? ____a mammal that lays eggs______________________________
17. Give two examples of monotremes. ____duckbilled platypus______, ___spiny anteater___
18. What is a marsupial? ___a mammal in which the female has a pouch where offspring
develop after birth_________________________________________________________
19. Give two examples of marsupials. ____kangaroo_______, ____koala bear_____________
20. What is a placental mammal? _____a mammal whose young develops within the mother_
________________________________________________________________________
21. Give two examples of placental mammals. _dogs______________, ____tigers__________
Name: ________________________
Homeroom: _________________
Unit A, Chapter 1
Cells and Kingdoms
Study Guide
Lesson 5 – Animal systems
Pp. 74 – 75
What are the skeletal and muscular systems?
1. What is the skeletal system? __________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. What are the two main functions of the skeletal system?
_Bones provide protection for some soft body organs.____________________________
_It provides a solid framework for the body.____________________________________
3. What is the muscular system? ________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
4. Describe an exoskeleton. ___It is a tough, rigid structure connected by flexible joints. It is
on the outside of the organism’s body.________________________________________
Pp. 76 – 77 What are the digestive and excretory systems?
5. What is the digestive system? _________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
6. List the six organs that are parts of the digestive system.
________esophagus______
_______stomach__________
______intestines_______
_________liver__________
________kidneys_________
_______bladder________
7. What is the excretory system? ________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
8. Which organ releases excess water, salt and other wastes from the body? ___skin_________
9. Which organs remove carbon dioxide from the body? _________lungs_________________
10. Which organs organ removes toxins from the blood? _________liver_________________
11. Which organs filter wastes from the blood? ______________kidneys_________________
12. Which organ stores urine before it leaves the body? ___________bladder______________
Pp. 78 – 79 What are the respiratory and circulatory systems?
13. What two things do all animals need to produce energy? __food______, ____oxygen_____
14. What is the respiratory system? ______________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
15. What is the circulatory system? ______________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
16. Write the steps of circulation and respiration.
1. _Oxygen-poor blood flows into the heart.____________________________________
2. _The oxygen-poor blood is pumped to the lungs.______________________________
3. _In the lungs, the blood drops off carbon dioxide and picks up oxygen_____________
_____________________________________________________________________
4. _Oxygen-rich blood flows into the heart. Then it is pumped to the body.___________
_____________________________________________________________________
P. 80 What are the nervous and endocrine systems?
17. What is the nervous system? ____The set of organs that uses information from the senses
to control other body systems._______________________________________________
18. What are four parts of the nervous system? ____brain________, nerve cord____
_______nerves_______________, _______sense organs_______________
19. What is the endocrine system? ____The set of ductless organs that secrete hormones
directly into the bloodstream to regulate life processes. ___________________________
20. What are hormones? ____chemicals released into the bloodstream that change body
activity__________________________________________________________________
21. What is adrenaline? __a hormone that increases heart rate and sends extra blood to the
muscles________________________________________________________________