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Chapter 7: China Builds an Empire Lesson 1 Reunifying China MAIN IDEAS Government The Han Dynasty, China’s strong central government, fell in A.D. 220. A period of confl ict followed. Belief Systems China went through major changes in its belief systems. Government In 589, the Sui Dynasty reunifi ed China. In 618, the Tang Dynasty took over China. Fall of the Han Dynasty Conflict and Chaos • Han Dynasty fell in A.D. 220, disorder followed • Kingdoms fought among themselves, nomads invaded from north - nomad—person who moves from place to place • Floods, droughts, food shortages also plagued land • Despite troubles, Chinese culture survived REVIEW QUESTION What were the effects of the fall of the Han Dynasty on China? Changes in Belief Systems Confucianism • For centuries, Chinese looked to Confucianism for guidance • Confucianism—belief system based on Confuciusʼ ideas of right and wrong - right relationships produce social order - respect family and older generations - educate individuals and society - act in morally correct ways Confucianism Influences Chinese Life • Confucianism affected government, society - well-educated offi cials - virtuous, kind rulers; loyal subjects - children respect parents, older generations • Around A.D. 200, Confucianism lost infl uence as Han Dynasty lost power The Spread of Buddhism • Buddhism—Indian religion based on teachings of Siddhartha Gautama - suffering is part of life - suffering is caused by attachment to possessions, selfi sh ideas - escape suffering through wise, moral, thoughtful life • Missionaries, traders brought Buddhism to China in fi rst century A.D. - Buddhism helped people endure suffering after fall of Han Dynasty Infl uences on Confucianism • Confucianism returned in 600s, blended with Buddhism, Daoism - Daoism—belief system that seeks harmony with nature, inner feelings A Change in Confucian Thought • New Confucianism focused on human behavior, relationship with universe - morality is highest goal - morality achieved through education - education through books, observation, contact with wise people REVIEW QUESTION How did China’s belief systems change? Chapter 7: China Builds an Empire World History: Medieval and Early Modern Times 3 The Sui and Tang Dynasties Reunify China The Sui Dynasty • Reunifi ed China after 350 years of chaos, confl ict - reunify—to bring a group together after itʼs been divided • Yang Jian, a soldier from northern China, conquered south by 589 - declared himself fi rst Sui emperor - is later known as Wendi Wendi Reunifi es China • Restored political traditions, allowed people to follow own beliefs • Rebuilt parts of Great Wall • Started building Grand Canal • High taxes caused people to revolt • Sui Dynasty fell after 37 years The Tang Dynasty • Started in 618, ruled for almost 300 years • Expanded borders, roads, canals • Adopted Confucian government Tang Emperors • Tang Dynasty founded by Gaozu and his son Taizong - Taizong kept taxes down; took lands from rich and gave to poor • Wu Zhao became emperor in 690—only female ruler; re-conquered Korea • Xuanzong became emperor in 712—literature, art fl ourished • Tang period best known for poetry REVIEW QUESTION What methods did the Sui and Tang dynasties use to reunify and strengthen China? Chapter 7: China Builds an Empire World History: Medieval and Early Modern Times 4 Lesson Summary • Confucianism helped shape Chinese beliefs about social morals and political principles. • Buddhism spread throughout East Asia because it helped people during diffi cult times. • The Sui and Tang dynasties reunited China and brought a new sense of national identity. Why It Matters Now… In Asia today about 10 percent of the population follows Confucianism and Buddhism. Advances Under the Tang and Song Lesson 2 MAIN IDEAS Government The Tang Dynasty built a powerful imperial state. This effi cient government continued under the Song Dynasty. Economics Tang and Song China had a strong economy based on trade and farming. Science and Technology Under the Tang and Song, the Chinese developed technologies that infl uenced the world. Building the Imperial State Chinese Government • Tang rulers developed imperial state to rule large country - imperial—related to an empire • Followed Sui models of government, military, tax system - used Sui capital of Chʼang-an as Tang capital • Emperor top ruler, chief advisers served him, bureaucracy below them - bureaucracy—government that is divided into departments A Law Code • Tang created effective new law code, used from about 624 to late 1200s - listed all laws so same laws were used throughout China Scholar-Offi cials • Diffi cult exam given to people who wanted to work in bureaucracy • Those who passed exam became scholar-offi cials - scholar-offi cial—educated person with a government position - scholar-offi cials were usually wealthy, upper-class people Chapter 7: China Builds an Empire World History: Medieval and Early Modern Times 2 The Song Dynasty • Song ruled after Tang, from 960 to 1279 - expanded, improved exam system - set up more schools • More people took exams and got government jobs • Most offi cials still came from rich, infl uential families REVIEW QUESTION What were the features of the Chinese government during the Tang and Song dynasties? Prosperity from Trade and Farming Changes in Travel and Trade • Chinaʼs economy grew under Tang and Song - became wealthiest, most developed nation in world • Built many roads, repaired waterways such as canals • Better transportation improved trade and communication • Technological developments also improved trade - gigantic ships, magnetic compass made sea travel faster, safer Changes in Agriculture • Farmers began planting new Southeast Asian rice around A.D. 1000 - rice ripened faster, allowed more crops per year - better food supply allowed population growth to about 100 million • Tang and Song drained, terraced, and irrigated Chang Jiang valley - produced extra rice, which was shipped to northern China - extra food let more people work in trade instead of farming Changes in Commerce • Trade thrived under Song, especially with Korea, Japan • Growth of trade led to increased use of money - coins too heavy, replaced with paper money - Tang, Song governments were fi rst to use paper money • More people became merchants - lived in growing towns, cities, some as large as 1 million people REVIEW QUESTION What brought about the change to a money economy during China’s Tang and Song dynasties? A Time of Brilliant Achievements A Golden Age for Poetry and Art • Poetry, art fl ourished under Tang and Song - Tang poets included Li Bai, Du Fu, Wang Wei - Tang artists made pottery fi gurines - black ink landscape paintings became important art form under Song Technological Progress • Developed paper manufacturing - supported study, spread of ideas • Wood-block printing used carved wooden blocks to print whole pages • Created movable type—small character blocks rearranged to spell words • Made fi rst printed books Historic Infl uence • Chinese technology shaped history in China and West - paper-making spread to Arab world, then Europe - invented gunpowder for fi reworks, later used for weapons - magnetic compass spread to Europe, allowed Age of Exploration • Exported porcelain—hard white ceramic also known as china • Tea used as medicine, popular drink; brought to Europe by traders REVIEW QUESTION What were some key Chinese inventions or products that had a great infl uence on the world? Lesson Summary • Imperial China was run by a bureaucracy fi lled with scholar-offi cials. • Improvements in agriculture and transportation helped make China one of the most powerful countries in the world. • Chinese inventions such as the compass, gunpowder, and paper shaped the history of other world regions. Why It Matters Now… Chinese inventions, such as porcelain and paper money, are a part of everyday life in the 21st century. Lesson 3 The Mongol Empire MAIN IDEAS Government The Mongols built a vast empire stretching from Europe to China. Government The Mongols kept some features of the Chinese form of government but did not let Chinese offi cials have important jobs. Economics The Mongols encouraged and increased trade and foreign contacts. The Mongol Invasion A Great Leader • The Mongols were fi erce nomadic warriors from northwest of China - lived in clans; clans joined into independent tribes • Temujin united tribes around 1206, became Mongolʼs khan, or ruler - took the name Genghis Khan, or “universal ruler” - organized and led Mongol warriors in conquest of northern China • Mongols conquered Central Asia by 1221 The Mongol Empire • After Genghisʼs death in 1227, his son Ogadai took power - captured rest of north China, took empire west to Russia, Persia • Empireʼs four parts, or khanates, ruled by Genghisʼs descendents • Kublai Khan was Genghisʼs grandson—took over China in 1260 - defeated Song in 1279 - Mongols ruled all of China until 1368 REVIEW QUESTION What regions did the Mongol leaders conquer? Chapter 7: China Builds an Empire World History: Medieval and Early Modern Times 2 Mongol Government Learning to Rule • Kublai Khan was fi rst ruler in 300 years to control all of China - Mongols were fi rst foreign power to rule China - Kublai ruled for 15 years, died in 1294 • Mongols had little government experience, unlike Chinese • Kublai kept many aspects of Chinese rule, built capital at Beijing - declared himself emperor, founded Yuan Dynasty Maintaining Control • Kublai did not allow Chinese politicians too much power - ended civil-service exams - gave important government jobs to Mongols or trusted foreigners • Confucian thought still strong in government under Mongol rule • Kublai improved trade, travel, and contacts with rest of world - extended Grand Canal, built highway between Beijing and Hangzhou REVIEW QUESTION How did the Mongols maintain control of China? Chapter 7: China Builds an Empire World History: Medieval and Early Modern Times 3 Opening China to the World Trade Routes • Mongols developed sea trade, welcomed foreign visitors - controlled all of Central Asia during period of Mongol Ascendancy - made trade routes, overland travel safer • Caravans moved silks, porcelain, tea on Silk Roads • Ships brought trade to Chinese ports such as Guangzhou and Fuzhou Foreign Contacts • Trade increased contact with Arabia, Persia, India - European missionaries, diplomats visited China - foreigners told rest of world about Chinese civilization • Marco Polo—Italian trader who came to China on Silk Road in 1275 - stayed for 17 years, became assistant to Kublai - published popular book about his travels in China REVIEW QUESTION How did the Mongols promote Chinese contact with the rest of the world? Lesson Summary • The Mongols built an enormous empire stretching from China to Europe. • The Mongols adopted some features of the Chinese style of government. • The Mongols increased foreign trade, especially along the Silk Roads to Western markets. Why It Matters Now… The contacts between Mongol China and the Arab and Western worlds spread important ideas and trade goods. Because of this, many Chinese inventions can be found worldwide today. Lesson 4 A Return to Chinese Rule MAIN IDEAS Government Chinese rebels overthrew Mongol rule and started the Ming Dynasty. Economics At fi rst, Ming emperors encouraged trade and exploration, but they later became less interested in the outside world. Government The Qing Dynasty ruled for almost 300 years. It was China’s last dynasty. Overthrowing the Mongols The First Ming Emperor • After Kublai, Mongol rule weakened—defeated by Zhu Yuanzhang in 1368 • Zhu formed Ming Dynasty—as “Hongwu,” became its fi rst emperor - supported Confucianism and state exams, rebuilt roads and canals - rebuilt Great Wall, gave land to farmers and lowered their taxes • Hongwu controlled all government offi ces, set up secret service - tens of thousands of people arrested, killed for treason Yongle’s Rule • Hongwu died in 1398, chose grandson to succeed him - after fi ve-year struggle, Hongwuʼs son Yongle won power • Yongle became emperor in 1403, was strong leader • Ming Dynasty reached height of its power - Yongle expanded capital city at Beijing - built Forbidden City—palace and temple complex at center of Beijing REVIEW QUESTION What improvements did the Ming emperors make in China? Trade and Overseas Voyages The Voyages of Zheng He • Yongle extended Chinese infl uence; won tributes - tribute—payment from one country to another to show respect • Sent maritime expeditions to other civilizations - maritime—related to the sea • Admiral Zheng He led huge fl eet on seven voyages from 1405 to 1433 - sailed to India, Arabia, Africa; brought back jewels, gold A Change of Policy • By 1430s, Ming government ended voyages, building of seagoing ships - Confucian offi cials saw little point to foreign contact, trade - were more concerned about threats of invasion from Central Asia • Chinese merchants still expanded trade in Southeast Asia • European ships visited China in 1500s - traded Western goods such as silver for silk, tea, porcelain REVIEW QUESTION How did China’s policies change after the 1430s? Chapter 7: China Builds an Empire World History: Medieval and Early Modern Times 3 The Last Dynasty The Manchus’ Qing Dynasty • Ming Dynasty declined after 300 years in power - weak rulers, high taxes, poor harvests led to rebellion • Manchus—people from Manchuria northeast of China - conquered China in 1644, started Qing Dynasty • Manchus allowed some trade, but limited foreign contacts and infl uence - Qing Dynasty was Chinaʼs last—it endured until 1911 REVIEW QUESTION How did the Manchus gain power? Lesson Summary • The Ming Dynasty restored China to a great empire. • The Ming Dynasty greatly expanded overland trade and maritime voyages. • After the 1430s, China focused on its northern borders. Why It Matters Now… Today the Chinese government still tries to limit foreign infl uence in political and economic affairs.
