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Jet streams are fast flowing, narrow air currents found in the altitude of
the tropopause
The major jet streams on Earth are westerly winds (flowing west to east)
Generally, the warm air is on the equator side and the cold air on the pole
side. As the air moves toward the pole the Coriolis force turns it to the
right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern
Hemisphere. In both cases, this creates jet streams flowing generally from
west to east.
El Niño is the warm phase of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (commonly
called ENSO) and is associated with a band of warm ocean water that
develops in the central and east-central equatorial Pacific (between
approximately the International Date Line and 120°W), El Niño is
accompanied by high air pressure in the western Pacific and low air
pressure in the eastern Pacific
In Spanish, the capitalized term "El Niño" refers to the Christ child, Jesus
(male – Child). La Niña, chosen as the 'opposite' of El Niño, literally means
"The (female) Child". El Niño was so named because periodic warming in
the Pacific near South America is often noticed around Christmas
Cyclones – collision of opposite character winds like polar &tropical
winds. it is a unstable system of winds circulating round with low pressure
at the centre & high pressure out. Winds flow from outer to inner. It is
anticlockwise in the N.H. & clockwise in S.H. found as typhoons,
hurricanes etc. it is of 2 types temperate & tropical.
Temperate cyclones (b/w 30 – 65 latitudes). Formed due to difference of
winds meeting at these latitudes. Under the influence of trade winds it
moves from west to east, large, originate due to polar + subpolar winds, in
winters, slow & long rain, formed equally in ocean & land, it contain cold
& warm front.
Tropical cyclones – (b/w the tropics) formed due to intense heat &
conventional winds at tropics, in summers, heavy & short rain, moves
from east to west, small, formed in ocean, no fronts.
Anticyclones – are opposite to cyclones. High pressure at centre & flow in
to out. It is anticlockwise in S.H. & clockwise in N.H. found in polar, high
pressure belts.
Mulching - is an age old practice of mixing dried leaves, twigs, stalk etc
into the soil to improve its fertility condition & conserve moisture.
The tomato variety arka samrat is growing through mulching process.
Famous grassland of the world
Savana – Africa
; Pampas – Arzentina, Brazil
Campas – Brazil
; Priaries – N. America, Argentina
Steppes – Mid Europe and Asia (Siberia), N. America, Urasia, RSA,
Australia
Waild – Africa
; Pustez – Hungary
Pataka – Sri Lanka ; Parkland – S.Africa
Llanos – Veneguela ; Weld – S. Africa
CIRQUE – when snow from the mountain peaks slides & gets deposited in
a hollow thus enlarging it further.
FIORD – where the lower end of the trough is drowned by the sea if forms
a deep steep side inlet.
MORAINE - material transported & deposited by a glacier. (debris)
SAND DUNES – a spot where the wind meets an obstruction, dunes are
formed out of a loess soil. ( which is a silt)
LAGOON – a shallow lake formed b/w sand & sea coast. Eg kayal in
kerala, Chilka lake.
STALAGMITE - that rises from the floor of a cave due to the accumulation
of material deposited on the floor from ceiling drippings.
STALACTITES - that hangs from the ceiling of caves, hot springs, Any
material which is soluble, can be deposited as a colloid
Boundary
Count. B/w
Boundary
Red Cliff
India &
Pakistan
India &
China
N.Korea &
S.Korea
USA &
Canada
Maginot line
Count.
B/w
France &Germany
17 P. line
N. Vietnam& S.Vietnam
16 P. line
Namibia & Angola
Hindenberg
line
Germany&
Poland
Mac
Mohan
38 Parallel
Line
49 Parallel
line
Durand
Line
24 line
Tribes
Maori
Laps
Pakistan&
Afghanistan
India &
Pakistan
Siegfried line
Germany &France
Blueline
China & Tibet
Tribes
Barbar
Bushman
Place
Alzeria
Kalahari Desert
Maya
Mexico
Julu
S.A.
Eta
Phillipines
Gaddi
J&K
Bindub
Masai
Semang
Place
New Zealand
Tundra region
of Europe
Congo Basin
(Zaire)
Tundra region,
Greenland,
Canada
Steppes of
Siberia
Mid Africa and
SA
W.Australia
E. Africa
Malaysia
Tharu, Bhotia
Toda
Santhal
Beda
Sri Lanka
Enu
Japan
Hosha
Red
Indian
Halwa
Nigeria
N.A.
Garo, Khasi ,
Jaintia
Nigros,
Shampon
Bheel
Gond
Uttrakhand
Nilgiri Hills (TN)
Plateau of Chota
Nagpur(Jharkhand)
Meghalaya
Chattisgarh
Munda
Pigmys
Eskimos
Khirges
e
Bantu
Agriculture
Ladong
Jhoom
Rocca
Conku
Tavi
Old name
Nippon
Pharmosa
Dutch
Guyana
Congo
Holland
Upper
Bolta
Avadh
East
Pakistan
Place
Malaysia
N.India
Brazil
Venuzuela
Madagascar
Agriculture
Ray
Chena
Dhaiya
Logan
Andaman &Nicobar
Rajasthan & MP
Bihar & MP
Jharkhand
place
Vietnam
Sri Lanka
MP (India)
Western Africa
New name
Japan
Taiwan
Surinam
Old name
Compuchia
Irish free state
Persia
New name
Combodia
Ireland
Iran
Norway
Netherland
Burkina Faso
Burma
Shyam
Ceylon
Myanmar
Thailand
Sri Lanka
Lucknow
Bangladesh
Mesopotamia
Iraq
NATIONAL PARK – is used for conservation purpose. It can be a wildlife
sanctuaries. It has a specific legislation owned by states.
SANCTUARY - may be set aside by govt. agency cooperative group. It is a
safe place. Without boundary, a natural home of endangered species.
Contour bunding is the construction of small bund across the slope of the
land on a contour so that the long slope is cut into a series of small ones
and each contour bund acts as a barrier to the flow of water, thus making
the water to walk rather than run.
1.zozilla, banihal, changla, khardungla – J & K
2.shiplika, rohtang, baralacha, kunjun – HP
3. Mana, Lipulekh, niti, nama – UK
4. bomidila – Ar. P
5. Khyber – Pak & Afghanistan
6. Nathula, Jelepla, Goecha – Sikkim
7. Bolan – Baluchistan
Tropical evergreen (rain) forest :- it extends b/w 10 N & 10 S of
equator. they are dense, look evergreen. Rainfall over 200 cm, 25-270C.
In India it is found in hot and humid areas of north east, Tarai regions,
western portion of western Ghats, Andaman & Nicobar islands.
Cinchona, Tar, Mahagony, Bamboo, Baint, Ebony, rosewood rubber,
coconut, lianas, ferns, iron wood etc. it is divided as
a) tropical wet evergreen forest -: rainfall 250 cm or above. Ebony,
rosewood, ironwood. Northeastern states, W. Ghats. Ebony, rosewood,
bamboos, fern canes etc.
b) tropical semi evergreen – below 200 cm rainfall. champa, canes,
ferns, semul etc.
c) tropical moist deciduous – 150 – 200 cm rainfall. Found on eastern
slopes of western ghats, orissa. Teak, sal, shisham, hurra, mahua,
amla, semul, tendu, sandal, kusum etc. Shed their leaves during
spring & early summer.
Tropical deciduous :- are found in temperate regions of north central
eurpoe, eastern Asia & US. Rainfall b/w 75 – 125. In India it grow over
Sahayadris, foothills of Himalayas, the Bhabar, Tarai. Sal, Sandalwood,
teak, Shisham, khair
Dry deciduous forest – 70 to 100. Trees shed their leaves completely in
dry season. Tendu, palas, amaltas, bel khair, axlewood etc. in western
& southern part of rajasthan.
Tropical thorn forest – less than 50 cm rain. Kikar, babul, ber, wild date
palm, khair, neem, khagri, palas, OK, bushes & shrubs. Their wood is
generally used as fuel.
Tropical Savanna – it extends from 50 to 300 N – S of the equator.
Temperature - 25 to 30. Rainfall is 150 – 200. Characterized with tall
grass, often termed ‘parkland’.
Mediterranean scrub forest – confined to coastal areas of the
Mediterranean sea. However this zone has developed in both
hemispheres b/w 30 – 40 latitudes in western parts of continents. Most
rainfall occurs in winters & summers are dry.
Grassland – continental interiors in the temperate zone receive 25 – 75
cm rainfall. Prairies of Canada, US. Pampas of S. America, steppes of
Europe & Asia , Veldts of Africa.
Taiga – called boreal forest or temperate coniferous. Winters are
bitterly cold and summers are cool and brief. Found only in northern
hemisphere. Pine, fir, cedar, hemlock, spruce.
Tundra – is a finnish word means barren land. Which encircles the
artic circle. Consist of snow, ice and frozen soil for most part of year.
Consists of lichens, mosses, sedges, heaths, grasses, willow trees.
Baltic state :- Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia
Balkan state :- Yugoslavia, Bosnia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bulgaria,
Macedonia, Romania, Albania, Greece.
Scandinavia peninsula :- Iceland, Norway, Sweden & Denmark.
Multi purpose projects in India
1.Bhakra Nangal - on river Sutlej ; power house at Ganguwal & Kotla ;
highest straightway gravity dam : reservoir is govindsagar lake
Indira Gandhi Canal – water from Sutlej, Beas, Ravi
3. Hirakud – on river Mahanadi ; sambalpur canal, baragarh canal, sasan
canal ; power house at Chiplima.
4. Chambal – gandhisagar dam, rana pratap sagar dam, jawahar sagar dam
5. Damodar valley project – 4 dams – Talaiya, Conar, Maithan, Panchet.
6. Farrakha barrage – on river Hooghly
7. Dulhasti project – on river Chenab
Agriculture (Rainfall for certain crops)
Temp
Rainfall (in
cm)
more than
150
50 to 75
Jute
27 to 34
Cotton
21 to 27
Wheat
15 to 23
Bajra
25 to 35
Tea
15 to 35
Less than
50
Low
rainfall
150
Coffee
14 to 28
150 to 200
Tobacco
18 to 25
50
Maize
18 to 27
75
Rice
15 to 27
112 to 150
Barley
Sugarcan
e
15 to 25
20 to 30
75 to 100
150
Soil
Area
sandy, clay loam,
alluvial
Black, light
limestone
Light clay, heavy
loam
Sandy loam
WB, Bihar,
Odisha
Gujarat, MH,
PB
UP, PB, HR
Mountain
Volcanic, rich
loam, red soil,
lateritic
Black, loamy,
alluvial
Heavy clay,
sandy
Alluvial, heavy
clayey
Sandy
Alluvial loam, red
loam lateritic
RJ, MH, UP
HR
Assam, WB,
TN
Kerala, KR,
TN
AP, UP,
Gujarata
AP, KR, RJ
WB, UP AP
RJ, UP, HR
UP, MH, TN
Extinct volcano – Mt. Kilimanjaro in Africa, Popa in Burma
Dormant volcano – Fujiyama of Japan, Karakota of Indonesia
Active volcano – Mona loa in Hawaii, Etna in Sicily, Vesuvius in Italy.
Intrusive rocks – Sill are bed like ; Laccoliths are like convex upper
surface & flat lower one ; Lopolith are bowl like ; Phacoliths are lens
shaped form ; Dyke are vertical or horizontal
Fresh < Brackish < Saline < Brine
Soil –
1.Alluvial soil – Sandy loam to clay ; rich in potash, lime but poor in
phosphorus, organic contents. Both khaddar & bhangar contain
calcareous (kankars) which are used for white washing the houses in rural
areas. Suitable for growing cereals & pulses especially.
2. Black soil - Clayey in nature, high water retaining capacity. Swells
and become sticky when wet and shrink when dried. Composed of
(LIMCAP = lime, iron, Mg, CaCO3 , alumina, potash)
3. Laterite soil - has been derived from latin word ‘later’ means brick.
has been derived from latin word ‘later’ means brick
In the Northern Hemisphere, due to the rotation of the Earth and surface
friction, the air currents surrounding a low pressure system will flow in a
counterclockwise direction, toward the center of the low pressure As a
result, air flows will gather from the surrounding area and accumulate at
the center of the low pressure system, forcing the air in the center to rise,
cooling and condensing the water vapor in the uplifted air, forming clouds
and eventually rain. Therefore, regions under a low pressure system
usually experience bad weather. Air flows surrounding a high pressure
system, on the other hand, flow in clockwise direction; the air flows out of
the center (Fig. 6) forcing the air over the center to flow down and outward.
In the Northern Hemisphere, the wind in a high pressure system flows in
clockwise direction out of the center, while in low pressure system wind
flows in a counterclockwise direction towards the center.