Download c. campaigning and fund rasing

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UNIT V: ECONOMICS & POLITICS
I.
GOVERNMENTS & ECONOMICS: ____________________ refers to how resources, goods and
services are produced and distributed. It considers the costs and advantages of monetary decisions.
A. ____________________: Since there is a limited amount of resources, governments must be
involved in how they are used. Resources can be natural or man-made.
1. ____________________: There are three factors involved in the production of goods
services.
a. ____________________: Materials needed to produce things. These include soil,
minerals, timber, wildlife, and energy.
b. ____________________: This involves the time, energy and skills needed production.
c. ____________________: Capital is the money and equipment needed for production.
2. MAKING CHOICES: Unfortunately there are never enough resources to produce all the
goods and services people want and need. Accordingly, both people and governments must
make choices about what is made and how it is distributed.
a. ____________________: Economic decision making is made difficult by the fact that
certain resources such as oil are in limited supply.
b. ____________________: Every decision has both positive and negative aspects. That
means we must ask ourselves whether or not something is worth the cost.
1.Define economics. Describe how an economy helps to fulfill human needs.
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2.Define each of the following and explain how each influences the economy: natural resources,
labor and capital.
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4.Define scarcity and explain how it influences the economy.
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5.Define opportunity cost and explain how it influences the economy.
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B. TYPES OF ECONOMIES: Throughout history there have been three basic types of economic
systems.
1. ____________________: Economic decisions are made on long-standing practices and
traditions. This was typical of tribal hunting practices. Customs dictate when and how the
hunt will be conducted and how the food will be divided. In some cultures division is based
on one’s status and in others, it might depend on the number of people in a family. Today
there are few traditional economies, most of which are in third world countries.
2. ____________________: Economic decisions are made by the government, including what is
to be produced and how it is distributed. The government controls or owns the means of
production. This is the underlying foundation of ____________________,
____________________ and ____________________ countries.
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a.
b.
3.
4.
Without individual motive for profit, communistic economies have not done well.
China is an example of a communistic economy. However, by the late 1980s China has
allowed certain elements of capitalism in their economy.
____________________: Individuals own the means of production and are free to make their
own decisions as to what to produce, what to charge, and how it will be distributed. This is
also known as capitalism or free enterprise.
a. ____________________: The basis of a capitalistic economy is competition. Those who
produce the best products will be more successful.
b. ____________________: Price is determined by the how much is available and how
much it is wanted. The open market sets the price.
(1)
A decrease in supply or an increase in demand will cause prices to increase.
(2)
An increase in supply or a decrease in demand will cause prices to decrease.
c. ____________________ is the difference between the costs of production and the price
the buyer pays.
____________________: These share some characteristics of both command and market
economies. Even the United States has included some elements of command economies.
a. ____________________ and ____________________ are typical of command features
in a market economy.
b. In theory, these examples are to protect citizens from abuse and monopolies.
C. THE ROLE OF THE GOVERNMENT IN A MARKET ECONOMY: Although the United States
is based on a market economy, there times when the government becomes involved in the
economy.
1. To protect people from price-gouging, anti-monopoly laws are passed.
2. To encourage business expansion and help provide employment, ____________________
are sometimes offered.
3. To provide stable prices, utility companies are regulated.
4. ____________________ protect property owners.
6.Compare and contrast the following economic systems: traditional, command (communistic),
market (capitalistic or free enterprise), and mixed.
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7.Explain how competition influences an economy.
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8.Explain how supply and demand works to create a market price.
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9.Define profit.
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10.Identify the roles of government in a market economy with regard to protecting property
rights, maintaining competition, promoting full employment, stable prices, growth and justice.
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Name____________________________
Chapter 13 Guided Reading Activity
Read 288-296
1. Define factors of production:
12. When making a decision about how to
produce a product, what factors do people
consider?
2. Define capital:
3. Define consumption:
13. Describe 3 possible ways to determine who
will get what is produced.
14. Define rent:
4. Define opportunity cost:
5. Define scarcity:
6. What are some of the economic wants that
everyone has?
15. Define interest:
16. Define demand:
17. Define supply:
7. What are the 3 basic factors of production?
18. Define market price:
8. After a good has been produced in the wantsatisfaction chain, what process makes it
available to people who want it?
9. What is one example of a choice
governments must make about the use of
resources?
19. Describe in your own words the
circular flow.
20. What effect will rise in the price of a
product have on its demand and its supply?
10. What are two important parts of making an
economic decision?
11. In our society, who decides what and how
many goods and services to produce? What
factors influence those decisions?
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Name____________________________
Chapter 14 Guided Reading Activity
1. Define traditional economy:
2. Define command economy:
3. Define market economy:
4. Define profit:
5. Define invest:
6. Define free enterprise:
7. Define capitalism:
8. Define mixed economy:
9. Why is there little change or growth in a traditional economy?
10. Why can a command economy respond quickly to changing conditions?
11. What are some of the influences on decision making in a market economy?
12. Why is the U.S. considered to be a mixed economy?
13. Define entrepreneur.
14. Define sole proprietorship:
15. Define partnership:
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16. Define corporation:
17. Define stock:
18. Why are entrepreneurs important to the American economic system?
19. What is the payment a business makes for the use of each factor of production?
20. What are the advantages and disadvantages of a sole proprietorship?
21. What factors led to the rise of large business during the 1800’s?
22. Define labor unions:
23. Define collective bargaining:
24. Define boycott:
25. Define strike:
26. What changes caused the growth of wage labor in the 1800’s?
27. Describe the major weapons that unions and employers have used in their disputes.
28. What are three important gains that labor unions have made for workers since the 1930’s?
29. What is one example of a service business?
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II.
____________________: An organized group of people who have similar ideas about what
government should do. Each party develops a ____________________, a statement of its official stand
on major issues. The platform is made up of ____________________, position statements on each
specific issue in the platform. For example, a party may state in its platform that it wants to increase
taxes to generate revenue for social programs. The planks would include specific programs such as
social security raises, health care for the poor and so on.
A. A HISTORIC OVERVIEW
1. THE ORIGINAL PARTIES
a. ____________________ (Alexander Hamilton)
(1) Strong central government
(2) Support of business. The “____________________.”
(3) They saw the future in industrialization.
b. ____________________ (Thomas Jefferson)
(1) Strong state governments.
(2) ____________________, opposed the government giving support to any one
particular group.
(3) Saw the future in agriculture.
B. A TRADITIONAL TWO-PARTY SYSTEM
1. Although the issues and names have changed America has developed and maintained a two
party system.
2. However ____________________ have emerged from time to time. Although they seldom
win major elections, they can influence the outcome by taking votes away from one of the
candidates.
a. This may have happened in 1992 when H. Ross Perot took some votes from George
H.W. Bush.
b. Sometimes one of the two major parties will adapt to whatever popular ideas the third
parties have had. IE: ____________________ support of farmers in the 1880s and
1890s.
c. In 1912 Teddy Roosevelt created the Bull Moose or ____________________, hoping to
bring about social programs and business regulations. Whereas the party died with TR’s
defeat, the Democrats picked up on some of the party’s ideas or platform.
C. MODERN DEMOCRATS & REPUBLICANS
1. A general rule has been that ____________________ tend to be more liberal and
____________________ tend to be more conservative.
a. ____________________: Favors reform that allows the government to assume more
control over society.
b. ____________________: Maintain basic traditional polices that limits government’s
influence.
10.What is a political party?
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11.What is a platform and what is its purpose?
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12.What were the first two political parties in the U.S. and who headed them? Summarize the
basis platforms of these parties.
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Radical
Extreme
change,
change
by
any
means.
Liberal
Moderate
Conservative
Reactionary
Change, within the Middle of the road.
Supports
existing Believes things have
system. Tends to see
system, is skeptical changed too much,
existing system as
of change. Tends to longs for “the good
cause of problems or
see individuals as the old days.”
suc-cesses. Tolerant
causes of problems
and less orthodox.
or suc-cesses.
---------------Democrats---------------------------Republicans------------ Tends to support government programs to
 Avoid government involvement, rugged
improve life and lessen differences between
individualism.
groups.
 See government regulation as an intrusion of
 Protective
of
the
“underdog”
and
individual liberties.
disadvantaged.”
 Supports laissez-faire, the trickle down theory.
 Sees a need to regulate business to protect
people from abuses of wealth and power.
13.Define the following: radical, liberal, moderate, conservative, and reactionary?
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14.Explain what the political left and the political right refers to.
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15.Summarize the following: laissez-faire, the trickle-down theory, social programs, and rugged
individualism.
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16.What is meant by the statement “there’s no free lunch?”
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17.Summarize the basis beliefs of Democrats and Republicans.
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LIBERAL AND CONSERVATIVE
Directions: Place a check in front of each statement that you agree with. Disregard, for the moment the line to the
right of each statement.
L
C
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1.
2.
The government should encourage prayer in public schools.
More federal regulations of business are need to protect the
environment.
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3.
4.
Affirmative action programs are a form of reverse discrimination,
The federal government should provide funding to make college
more affordable to all people.
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5.
The individual is responsible for his own well-being, so welfare
programs should be reduced.
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6.
Funding for many government programs should be cut allowing
lower taxes.
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7.
8.
9.
10.
Unregulated business benefits the rich at the expense of the poor.
The government should provide medical services for all citizens.
More should be done to restrict illegal immigration to the U.S.
Abortion is an individual’s right. Women should have the right to
choice.
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Special laws are needed to protect gays and minorities.
The government should provide vouchers (payment for tuition) to
those who choose to not send their children to public schools.
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Stronger gun control laws are needed.
Stricter anti-pollution laws are needed.
The federal government should guarantee full employment.
The government should be less concerned with the rights of the rights
accused and more concerned with maintaining law and order.
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The government should increase its efforts to regulate smoking.
Tax increases are essential to support expanding social programs
There is no need for a minimum wage law. One’s salary is between
the individual and his employer.
Restricting immigration is a form of discrimination.
.
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11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
_____
_____
_____
17.
18.
19.
_____
20.
I consider myself:
liberal
conservative
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Name __________________________________________
Name_______________________________
Chapter 21 Guided Reading Activity
1. Define political party:
6. What were the basic beliefs of Thomas
Jefferson’s Democratic-Republican party?
2. Define nominate:
3. Define platform:
7. Describe how third parties have played
an important role in our political system.
4. Define planks:
8. In what ways are our two major political
parties similar?
5. Define canvass:
6. List four ways in which political parties
help government.
7. What are some ways in which political
parties help citizens get involved in
government?
9. What are tow things that might
influence a person’s choice of political
parties?
10. What effect has the decrease in
patronage had on political parties?
1. Define precincts:
2. Define patronage:
3. Define straight ticket:
4. Define split ticket:
5. Define independent voters:
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Name __________________________________________
III. CHOSING OUR LEADERS
A. PARTY STRUCTURE AND PURPOSE: Both parties are similar in that they have local, state and
national organizations. Party organization tends to be decentralized. Much more is done at the state level.
1. ____________________ set the agenda. Although they are more involved, many fear they have
become too philosophical or dogmatic and out of touch.
2. THE ____________________: Held every four years.
a. Although the Presidential nominee has often won the nomination prior to the convention
(primaries and caucus), it becomes official at the convention. The nominee selects the V.P.
candidate with the consent of party leaders.
(1) ____________________: election within the party.
(2) ____________________: party meeting to select candidate.
b. Today the National Convention is more of a pep rally.
c. The ____________________ or ____________________ serves as the party’s unofficial
leader.
B. CHARACTERISTICS OF CANDIDATES
1. Most have been white males with a legal or business background with a middle and upper
middleclass background.
2. Recently more women and minorities have entered politics.
3. A candidate must present the image of a winner.
C. CAMPAIGNING AND FUND RASING
1. ____________________ focus on those groups who are most likely to vote, older, educated whites.
2. ____________________: If one doesn’t believe that political advertising works, consider the
millions of dollars spent on it each year. Many form their opinion based on sound bytes.
a. Since campaigns cost into the millions of dollars, raising money is a major concern.
b. Candidates hold fund raisers and receive donations from individuals.
c. Interest groups are another source of revenue. An ____________________ is a group with a
shared political agenda. Though their ____________________ and ____________________
they are able to influence politicians. For example, the trucking industry may lobby for
increased highway, but the airlines would oppose this.
d. THE ____________________ (1971)
(1)
Must raise $5,000 in at least 20 states.
(2)
Then the government matches funds raised by candidate.
(3)
It was intended to reduce the need for fund raising, but in reality it has just upped the
amount spent.
3. THE VOTERS: With the high cost of running a campaign, politicians must know who is likely to
vote.
a. Must be ____________________ and registered.
b. ____________________ people are most likely to vote.
c. ____________________ people are least likely to vote.
d. Whites, educated and employed vote more than minorities, uneducated and unemployed.
e. Only 35% of voters are undecided at the time the campaign begins.
D. PROPAGANDA TECHNIQUES: Persuasion based on emotions more than intellect.
1. ____________________: Appears to desire to follow the crowd. For example, “Polls show
that more than 80% support Senator Ding Dong.”
2. ____________________: Tells voters that the candidate is just like them. For example, I’ve
lived in this city all my life. My children go to the same schools as yours.”
3. ____________________: Use words and phrases that sound appealing and everyone agrees
with. For example, “I stand for freedom and the American way.”
4. ____________________: Attach negative labels to one’s opponent. For example, “He’s soft
on crime.”
5. ____________________: Praise of a candidate’s programs and ideas. For example, “Without
Congressman Slick’s programs I would still be on welfare today.”
6. ____________________: Use only facts that support one’s own position. For example, “My
opponent voted against raising Social Security.” What is omitted, was that she voted against
it because the raise was too small.
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7.
____________________: Connect oneself to a respected figure or symbol. For example,
“Abe Lincoln once said…”
18.What is voter registration and why is it needed?
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19.What are a primary election, a closed primary, and an open primary?
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20.What is a sound byte and why is it used?
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21.Explain the difference between a news story and an editorial.
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22.Explain how the media can influence politics in the United States.
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23.Define propaganda and identify the following types of propaganda: bandwagon, plain folks,
glittering generalities, name calling, transfer, card stacking, and testimonial.
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