Download Participial Phrases 1. Participles are adjectives formed from verbs

Participial Phrases
1. Participles are adjectives formed from verbs. Some participles are from
a. active voice verbs:
The baby cried.
the crying baby
The speaker bored the audience
the boring speaker
b. Some participles are from passive voice verbs:
The soldier was wounded.
The wounded soldier
The audience was bored by the speaker. The bored
audience
1.Participle Forms are two kinds:
a. General: no time indicated talking or talked
b. Perfect: time before that of the main verb. having talked
2. a.You can form a participial phrase by reducing an adjective clause.
The audience, which was listening intently to the music, failed to
notice the fire.
The audience, listening intently to the music, failed to notice
the fire.
(A non restrictive phrase uses commas and comes after the
noun it modifies, the antecedent.)
2.b.A restrictive participial phrase must follow the noun it
modifies and is not set off by commas.
The audience failed to notice the fire starting the smolder
in the back of the auditorium.
Smolder means burn without flame.
2.c. A nonrestrictive participial phrase may also modify an entire sentence,
in which case it comes at the end of the sentence and is set off by a comma.
The building collapsed, killing three firefighters.
2.d. Participial phrases may also be reduced from time and reason adverb
clauses.
Participial phrases reduced from time clauses may occupy various
positions in a sentence, and the time subordinators are sometimes deleted
and sometimes retained..
Time Clauses
Since I arrived……
After they had finished
Participial Phrases
Since arriving ...
After finishing
Having finished… .
Reason Clauses
Participial phrases reduced from reason clauses may come before or after
the independent clause in a sentence. Reason subordinators are always
deleted.
Reason Clauses
Because I wanted…
As we did not know .. ,
Participial Phrases
Wanting ...
Not knowing '"
Note: Delete or retain the subordinator according to the
following rules:
a. Retain before, and retain since when it is a time
subordinator.
b. Delete as when it is a time subordinator.
c. Delete all three reason subordinators because, since, and
as.
d. Retain after, while, and when if the participial phrase
follows the
independent clause. When the phrase is in another
position, you
may either retain or delete these subordinators.