Download Angiosperm Reproduction Student Notes File

IIX. Reproduction in Flowering Plants
A. Flower Structure:
1. Essential Flower Parts
a) ______________________- male reproductive structure consisting of two
parts:
1) ___________________- pollen producing structure
2) ___________________- stalk which supports the anther
b) ______________________- (carpel) female reproductive structure
1) ___________________- sticky tip of the pistil
2) ___________________- stalk that supports the stigma
3) ___________________- swollen base of the pistil with ______________
that produce eggs.
2. Nonessential Flower Parts
a) ______________________- holds the flower on the stem
b) _____________________- tiny leaves that form the ___________________
c) _______________________- help attract insects for pollination.
Collectively called the Corolla.
B. Kinds of Flowers
1. _________________________- contains all the essential and nonessential parts
2. _________________________- lack one or more of the essential or
nonessential parts.
3. __________________________- contains both pistil and stamen
4. __________________________- contains either the pistil or stamen, but not both
C. Gamete Formation
1. Pollen Grain Formation
a) Anthers have 4 __________________ which contain ___________________
which undergo meiosis and produce 4 haploid _______________________.
b) __________________ divide by mitosis and form a ___________________
made of two cells: a _________________ and ________________________
Stamen
Anther
cross section
In
Pollen Sac
Generative
Cell
Tube
Cell
Anther
Filament
Pollen Sacs
Microspore
mother cell
meiosis
4 Microspores
mitosis
Pollen Grain
2. Egg Cell Formation
a) Ovules contain ____________________ which undergo meiosis and produce
4 haploid _____________________. 3 die.
b) The surviving megaspore undergoes mitosis producing 8 haploid nuclei.
c) 3 nuclei migrate to each end of the cell and 2 move to the center and are
called the ______________________.
d) Cell walls form around each group of nuclei forming the ________________
e) The cell nearest the ovule opening (micropyle) is the ______________.
Ovary
Ovule
Ovule
Megaspore mother cell
Ovule
divides by meiosis making
4 Megaspores
Megaspores divide by Mitosis making
seven cells with eight nuclei
Polar Nuclei
Micropyle
Egg
Female
Gametophyte
D. Pollination and Fertilization
1. ________________________- transfer of pollen from the anther to stigma by
animals, wind or water.
2. ________________________- union of sperm and egg
a) When the pollen lands on the stigma, the _______________ _____________
starts to form a tube down the ovule.
b) The ___________________ ___________ divides and forms two sperm which
go down the Pollen tube.
c) One sperm fertilizes the egg forming a ___________________, while the other
sperm fertilizes the polar nuclei forming the ______________________
which is a nutritive tissue.
Pollenation
Pollen Tube
Formation
Double
Fertilization
Pollen grain
Stigma
Pollen tube
Style
Sperm
Polar Nuclei
Tube Cell
Sperm
Ovary
Ovule
Egg
E. Fruits and Seeds
1. Seed and Fruit Formation
a) The outer tissue of the ovule hardens forming the ___________ ____________
containing the _____________________ and the zygote which undergoes
mitosis until it forms the ________________ .
b) The _______________________ swells and becomes the ________________
while the reproductive structures wither and fall off.
c) Types of Fruit
1) ______________________- forms from a single ovary. (Beans, peaches,
tomatos)
2) ______________________- forms from flowers with many pistils
(strawberries, blackberries and raspberries)
3) _______________________ form from many individual fruits growing
together forming one structure. (Pineapple and figs)
2. Seed dispersal (fruit and seeds aid in dispersing seeds in a variety of ways.
See chart.)
a) _______________________- process in which the seed starts to grow after a
period of dormancy. Moisture and warmth are two factors which start the
process.
Dicot Seed
Epicotyl
Hypocotyle
Radical
Cotyledon
Seed Coat
b) _______________________- the embryo possesses all the basic plant
organs in embryonic form
1) ______________________- part of the stem above the cotyledon where
the first leaves grow
2) ______________________- below the cotyledons. Becomes the stem
3) ______________________- becomes the root
4) _______________________- contains endosperm which will feed the
plant until photosynthesis starts
5) _______________________- protective covering
F. __________________________________- reproductive process that results in
offspring that are genetically identical to the parent
1. Natural Propagation
a) _____________________________________- producing new
individuals from the leaves, roots or stems
b) _________________ or Stolon- low running modified stems that start
adventitous roots and start new plants
c) ___________________________- underground modified stems that
produce new plants
d) _________________________- thick stem for food storage that have
“eyes” capable of producing a new plant
e) ___________________- stems with layered leaves that produce new
plants
2. Artificial Propagation
a) ______________________________- pieces of stem cut from a plant
that develop new roots when placed in water
b) _____________________- buds or sections of stem called scions are
attached to another plant called the stock
c) ____________________________________________1) tissues are removed from a plants pith and are grown in culture
dishes
2) Layering involves folding a branch down and covering it with soil.
Some plants grow new roots and the nodes
IX. Plant Growth and Response
A. Factors Affecting Growth
1. Influences from the Environment
a) Light
1) Supplies energy for photosynthesis
2) __________________________- plant response to changing light and
dark periods. Often triggers budding, flowering and dropping leaves
3) _____________________________- produce flowers in spring or fall
4) _______________________________- produce flowers in summer
5) _______________________________- light doesn’t determine when
they flower
b) Moisture
1) ____________________________- Need very little water
2) ____________________________- thrive in wet conditions
3) ____________________________- need an intermediate amount of
water
c) _________________________- plants grow best in temperature between
50-100 oF
1) When temperatures drop below 50 oF the metabolism of a plant slows
and it enters a period of _______________________
2) Some seeds must go through a period of chilling called
_____________________________ before they grow
2. Internal Factors (_________________________)- Powerful chemicals that
cause most internal changes
a) _________________________- stimulate elongation of cell, promote
meristematic growth and inhibit abscission
b) __________________________- stimulate rapid growth
c) __________________________- promotes seed and bud germination,
stem elongations and flower & fruit development
d) __________________________- inhibits cell growth causing dormancy
in seeds
e) __________________________- stimulates fruit ripening
B. Plant Movements (Tropisms)- occurs when one part of a plant organ grows
faster than another causing bending
1.
_____________________________- movement towards light
2. ____________________________- movement towards the ground
3. ____________________________- curving response to contact with a solid
object. (Ivy)
4. ____________________________- movement toward water
5. ____________________________- movement not related to a direction of a
stimulus (opening and closing of petals, venus fly trap capturing prey