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STUDY GUIDE EXAM III BIOL 1408
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Describe the cell membrane, composition, and put that in the context of the fluid
mosaic model. Why do they call it a fluid-mosaic ? What can go through and what
cannot ? Why are the proteins there ?
Describe diffusion and osmosis. Concentration gradients are like potential energy ; so
what happens when molecules diffuse down their concentration gradient ?
What is absolutely required to have osmosis ? Will we have osmosis when all
molecules can go through a membrane ?
What molecules use diffusion in passage of materials across a membrane without the
use of membrane proteins ?
Explain how osmosis plays an important role in maintenance of a cell. What
specifically moves across membranes during osmosis ?
Explain how an imbalance in water between the cell and its environment affects the
cell; what are the different tonicity levels and what tonicity level changes have
effects on cells ? IN what direction will water move ?
Describe membrane proteins that facilitate transport of materials across the cell
membrane in the process of passive transport ?
What processes in membrane transport are classified under passive transport ? Why
are the passive transport ?
When is a transport mechanisms active transport ?
Discuss how energy-requiring transport proteins move substances across the cell
membrane.
Distinguish between exocytosis and endocytosis and list similarities between the two.
What different forms of endocytosis are there ?
Explain how energy is transformed during life processes
Define the two laws of thermodynamics and explain how they relate to biological
systems
Explain how a chemical reaction can either release energy or store energy:
endergonic versus exergonic reactions. Which of these two can be used to drive the
other one ?
Describe ATP and explain why it is considered to be the energy currency of a cell.
How does the body use ATP in energy coupled reactions ?
Define enzymes and explain how enzymes cause a chemical reaction to speed up.
How does this relate to the activation energy ?
Discuss the specificity of enzymes and enzyme activity profiles. What causes
denaturation and how does it affect an enzyme ?
Distinguish between competitive inhibitors and noncompetitive inhibitors
Where specifically is the energy in the food that a cell takes up ? What cellular
process of what life form provides all the energy for our biosystem ?
What is the difference between breathing and cellular respiration ? What organelle in
the cell is responsible for cellular respiration ?
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Can you write out the simple equation for photosynthesis AND cellular respiration ?
What are the products of photosynthesis ( in other words, what does photosynthesis
create ? ), and which of those products are used in cellular respiration absolutely
needs ? What molecule of energy is produced by mitochondria ?
What term is used to provide a quantitative value to the energy content of food and
energy activities ?
What do you understand by oxidation and reduction ? What enzymes are usually
involved in such reactions that transfer hydrogen ions and electrons ?
A chain of electron acceptors and donors where electrons are passed from one to
another in an exergonic fashion, is called what ?
What are the 3 stages of cellular respiration and where in the cell do they take place ?
What occurs during Glycolysis ? What molecule is produced ? How many carbons in
glucose ? How many in the molecule that enters the mitochondria at the end of
glycolysis ? What is substrate phophorylation ?
What chemical reaction happens to pyruvate after it enters the mitochondria ?
What happens to AcetylCoA when it enters the citric acid cycle ? Give me the full
results !
Relating to previous question : where is all the CO2 produced during breakdown of
glucose ? Where is all the energy now from breaking down glucose ?
What happens at the electron transport chain of the mitochondria ? Who is the final
electron acceptor ? What kind of gradient is created via the ETC ? Across what
membranes is that gradient specifically ?
What happens when Protons diffuse back into the mitochondria ? They have to
diffuse through a protein : what protein is that ? And what energy molecule does it
make when energy is released during the diffusion process ?
This all relates to Chemi-osmosis. So what is Chemi-osmosis ? And what is
Oxidative phosphorylation ? How is Oxidative phosphorylation different from
Substrate phosphorylation ?
How many ATPs are formed per breakdown of Glucose ?
What are some mitochondrial poisons and where do they work ?
When will fermentation happen ? What important molecule is missing to drive a cell
into fermentation ? What is the difference in ATP production between oxidative
phosphorylation and fermentation? What are the 2 forms of fermentation discussed ?
How do fats and proteins give us energy ? And what our cells do with the breakdown
of food that is not used for energy ?