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FINAL EXAM REVIEW QUESTIONS-blank
Exam 1 Material:
1) Which of these is an example of an organelle? 100
A) amoeba
B) muscle
C) stomach
D) digestive system
E) chloroplast
2) One of the key distinctions between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is the presence of
_______cells, which is lacking in _______cells. 200
A) a nucleus in eukaryotics; prokaryotic
B) a nucleus in prokaryotics; eukaryotic
C) DNA in prokaryotics; eukaryotic
D) DNA in eukaryotic; prokaryotic
E) A cytoplasmic organelle in prokaryotic; eukaryotic
3) Which of the following utilizes DNA as their genetic material? 200
A) prokaryotes
B) eukaryotes
C) bacteria
D) A and C only
E) A, B, and C
4) Which of the following questions is outside the realm of science? 100
A) How did humans arise?
B) Why do humans have a finite life span?
C) How do red blood cells carry oxygen?
D) What is the basis of heredity?
E) What is the meaning of life?
5) Which of the following are prokaryotic cells? 100
A) plants
B) fungi
C) bacteria
D) animals
E) both B and C
6) A cell has the following molecules and structures: enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane,
and mitochondria. It could be a cell from? 400x
A) a bacterium.
B) an animal, but not a plant.
C) a plant, but not an animal.
D) a plant or an animal.
E) any kind of organism.
7.
A.
C.
E.
Bryophytes have all of the following characteristics EXCEPT: 500x
multicellularity
B. a reduced, dependent sporophyte
a well developed vascular tissue
D. a protected egg cell
a dominant gametophyte generation
8. Some of the limitations of the fossil record include? 300
1. dying in the right place at the right time
2. escaping geological processes like erosion
3. exposing the fossil without destroying it
4. B & C
5. All of the above
9. The models of the early atmosphere that was tested by Miller and Urey included chemicals such
as: 500x
A. H2, O2, NH3, CH4
B . H2, H2O, NH3, CH4
C. H2, H2O2, NH3
D. H2O, NH3, CH4, O2
E. H2, H2O, NS4, CH4
10. Based upon the results of the experiment described above, one of the important energy sources
that facilitated the formation of organic chemicals on the young earth may have been? 200
6. power bars
7. chocolate
8. heat
9. lightning
10. ethanol
11.
A.
B.
C.
Scientists hypothesize that the first genetic material was probably? 300
DNA
D. protein
RNA
E. a single haploid chromosome
ribosomes
12. Which is the dominant stage in the life cycle of a moss? 400
A flowering stage
B. sporophyte
C. gametophyte
D. sporangium
E. dipoid stage
13. Plants with a dominant sporophyte are successful on land because? 300
A. they all disperse by means of seeds
B. having no stomata, they lose less water
C. diploid plants are protected from the effects of mutation
D. eggs and sperm are not produced
E. they do not have vascular tissue
14. Which of the following clades includes species that produce seeds? 500x
A. lycopods
B. whiskferns
C. Anthophyta
D. Bryophyta
E. Pterophyta
15. The similarities between the wings of an insect and a bird or the fleshy cones of Eastern Red
Cedar and the fruits of Angiosperms are two examples of what? 500x
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Homologous organs
Convergent evolution
Clades
Microevolution
Recent divergence between these groups
100X
Name the three domains of life?
--
100
Prokaryotes are found in which domains?
--
200X
List the one major difference between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes?
---
100x
Protists are a diverse grouping of (Prokaryotes/Eukaryotes)?
--
200X Alternation of Generations, a defining characteristic of plants, is marked by multi-cellular
(diploid/haploid/both/neither) life forms?
-400X
Write the equation for photosynthesis.
400X
What stages in the Alternation of Generations lifecycle are 2n?
-Which of these is multi-cellular?
---
+50X
400x
+50x
What stages in the Alternation of Generations lifecycle are n?
-Which of these is multi-cellular?
--
500X
Red Tide is caused by _________, which are members of the clade _________?
--
300X
Name 3 characteristics of science.
--
300X
Explain the difference between a hypothesis and a theory.
--hypothesis:
--theory:
300X
What stage of the lifecycle is dominant in: a—mosses, b—red junipers, c—
ginkos, d—whisk ferns, e—liverworts, f—horsetails
--
200
The first Prokaryotic cells showed up _____ bya?
--
300x
+100
The atmosphere began getting oxygenated _____ bya?
-What organism was critical in the oxygenation of the atmosphere?
--
200X
The first Eukaryotic cells showed up _____ bya?
--
400X
An organism that uses sunlight for energy and organic compounds for its
carbon source would be classified as a _____?
--
400X
An organism that uses inorganic chemicals for energy and CO 2 for its carbon
source would be classified as a _____?
--
200
The cell walls of fungi are made up of _____?
--
200
The cell walls of animals are made up of _____?
--
200X
The cell walls of plants are made up of _____?
--
300
The cell walls of bacteria are made up of _____?
--
200
A branch point in a cladogram represents what?
--
300X
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of life? a—can grow and
replicate, b—contains DNA, c—can respond to the environment, d—can convert/use energy
--
500X
Is malaria caused by a Eukaryotic or Prokaryotic pathogen?
-+100X What is the vector? Explain what a vector is.
-500X
Is botulism caused by a Eukaryotic or Prokaryotic pathogen?
--
Exam 2 Material:
Chp. 31: Fungi:
200
food.
Fungi are _____trophs that _____ their food, whereas animals are _____trophs that _____ their
100
Are fungi more closely related to plants or animals?
X300
The main function of fungi is:
a—decomposition
b—C-fixation
c—N-fixation
d—O2 generation
300
Draw the phylogenic map including plants, animals and fungi.
X200
The entire fungal organism is called a _____ and is made up of individual _____.
300
Name the two organisms that compose a lichen.
400
Name 3 similarities between fungi and animals.
200
What is a septum and how does is apply to fungi?
100
Fungi are most commonly in the haploid/diploid stage?
100
The spores generated by sexual reproduction are the same as/different from the spores generated
by asexual reproduction.
300
Plasmogamy and Karyogamy refer to the fusion of the _____ _____ and _____ respectively.
Chp. 32: Animals:
200
It is thought that animals evolved from a protist, bacteria, amoeba, charophyte?
200 Which grouping of organisms commonly reproduces sexually: animals, plants, fungi, bacteria
100
genes are crucial in coordinating animal development.
300
Give an example of an animal with radial and bilateral symmetry: radial—
bilateral—
300
Define tissue and give an example:
X500 What do the ecto-, endo-, and mesoderm germ layers develop into:
ecto =
endo =
meso =
300
What is gastrulation?
300
Name the two phyla of animals based on tissue presence:
100
What is a coelem?
X400
What are the 3 different body plans with regards to a body cavity. Give examples for bonus pts.
500
Match the following:
Protostomes—blastospore becomes mouth—spiral cleavage—determinate cleavage—annelida—mollusca
Deuterostomes—blastospore becomes anus—radial cleavage—indeterminate cleavage—chordata
Chp. 33: Invertebrates:
100
Sponges belong to which animal phylum?
200
What is the opening at the top of a sponge called?
200
Sponges have both male and female parts and are therefore called
. But they cross-fertilize.
300
Hydras, jellies, corals, and sea anemones are all members of the phylum
symmetry.
300
A jelly is mobile, has its mouth down and is called a
mouth up and is called a
. Both are in the phylum
.
200
Dinoflaggelate algae give coral (of the phylum
protection. This is a
symbiosis.
and have
. A sea anemone is stationary, has its
) sugars and coral give dinoflaggelates
100
Cnidarians have which type of symmetry? Radial/Bilateral
200
Gonad is a specific/general term for structure that produces haploid/diploid sperm or egg cells.
300
Flukes and tapeworms are
X400
What group/phyla first began to move unidirectionally and began the process of cephalization?
200
What is the stinging structure of cnidarians called?
200
What is a main reason we cook food?
300
What does triploblastic mean?
and belong in the phylum
.
Chp. 33 and 34: Invertebrates and Vertebrates:
500
What is the difference between the wings of insects and birds?
insects—
birds—
X300
Name the tree body regions of an insect:
200
How many legs do insects have?
200
Name the third characteristics of Insects:
X500
--
Name the two different types of metamorphosis and describe the difference between them.
100
Do insects undergo ecdysis?
400
What are the excretory organ of a—earthworms and b—insects
400
How do insects breath?
 50 bonus points: Of what are these tubules composed?
X200
Insects, like all invertebrates, have a ventral/dorsal nerve cord.
200
Crabs, lobsters, shrimp, barnacles, and crayfish are in the phylum arthropoda, subphylum
crustacean.
400
What the heck is an instar
200
Echinoderms have a hard, calcerous endo-/exo- skeleton.
400
Describe the symmetry of a sea star.
Chp. 34: Amphibians and Mammals:
100
Amphibians have characteristics of: early terrestrial tetrapods/fishes/both?
X300
Amphibians are an intermediate group bridging
X200
Give an example of an anuran.
300
100
The larval stage of an amphibian most closely resembles:
bonus: two things that support this:
300
Reptiles are ectotherms. What does this mean?
200
T/F Turtles live on land and tortoises live in the water.
and
.
300
What is the key adaptation that allowed animals to move permanately onto land/allowed them to
not need to return to water? legs/amniotic egg/ lungs/milk
200
150
How many separate times has the ability to fly evolved?
bonus points: what groups?
300
What is important about the Theropod dinosaurs?
400
What were the first feathers probably used for?
500
From where do mammals derive their name?
X400
What does viviparous mean and what vertebrate clade is viviparous?
500
When did the dinosaurs become extinct and why was this important for mammals
300
When did the first mammals appear?
Chp. 12: Mitosis:
200
Do bacteria undergo mitosis? Why or why not?
300
During which stage of interphase does the cell grow (may be more than one correct answer): G0,
G1, G2, S.
200
Which division is specific to reproduction, mitosis or meiosis?
300
What are somatic cells?
200
What is the genome?
400
What is chromatin?
300
What is a gene?
300
Cell division and elongation is the scientific definition of
300
In what stage of the cell cycle will you find most cells in the human body? M, G1, G0, G2, S.
400
Where do the microtubules attach to the sister chromatids
400
Does binary fission (prokaryotic cell division) result in heritability? Diversity?
.
500
Put the stages of the cell cycle in their proper order: telophase, metaphase, prophase, interphase,
prometaphase, anaphase.
200
T/F Some plants have more chromosomes than humans.
200
T/F Cancer cells exhibit density-dependent growth inhibition.
400
During what phase of mitosis does the nuclear envelope fragment?
300
During what phase of mitosis do all the chromosomes line up in the center of the cell?
bonus: what do we call the place where they align?
Chp. 13: Meiosis:
100
T/F Meiosis results in daughter cells with only half the amount of DNA that the parent cell had.
200
Meiosis occurs in the gonads, liver, thymus, all of the above.
400
What is the benefit of meiosis and sexual reproduction?
500
Sex cell are also called
400
An organism that is genetically identical to its parent is termed a
100
200
Does asexual reproduction produce diverse offspring?
bonus: why is this important?
and are produced in the
.
.
400
Rhizomes are plant asexual reproductive structures below/above the ground, stolons (or “runners”)
are below/above the ground.
500
What is the most important feature of sexual reproduction?
300
A certain organism has 14 chromosomes and 3 copies of each chromosome (the organism is
therefore triploid). What is this description of the genetic composition of the organism called?
300
called
Two chromosomes that have the same genes at the same locations (loci) on the chromosome are
.
200
T/F A human cell has 22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes. A female would
have two X chromosomes, which are homologous, but a male would have one X and one Y chromosome,
which are in fact not homologous.
200
200
T/F Plants are known to have many many copies of homologous chromosomes.
bonus: what is this called?
Exam 3 Material:
Chp. 14: Genetics:
100
T/F If I lift weights and get really strong, my children will have bigger muscles than if I didn’t lift
weights.
300
Explain how you could use twins to conduct a genetic vs. environmental experiment.
300
Gregor Mendel disproved the “
200
Traits following Mendelian inheritance are determined by 1, 2, or many gene(s).
500
Why was Mendel considered “lucky” in regards to his experiments?
200
What is the phenotype?
200
What is the genotype?
200
Mendel discovered “particulate inheritance”. What are the particles?
400
What is a model organism?
200
What’s an allele?
400
Explain homozygous vs. heterozygous.
300
True-breeding lines are: homozygous/heterozygous?
Hypothesis”.
500
If Tom and Jessica have a baby named Sam, and then Sam marries Carolyn and has a daughter
Elena, who are the P generation? Who are the F1, and the F2
300
What’s the difference between a gene and an allele?
500
Explain the Law of Segregation.
500
What are the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of a monohybrid cross?
500
200
Explain the Law of Independent Assortment.
bonus: are there exceptions?
500
Differentiate between dihybrid and monohybrid crosses
400
What does it mean if 2 genes are “linked”?
400
If the probability of being hit by a car is 1/10 and the probability of getting speared by a falling
icicle is 1/25, what is the probability that you will get hit by a car and get speared by a falling icicle in the
same day? What is the probability that something bad is going to happen to you: either get hit by a car or
speared by a falling icicle?
200
T/F Incomplete Dominance proves that the “Blending Hypothesis” is correct in some cases.
300
One gene masking the effects of another gene is known as recessive inheritance, complete
dominance, epistasis, co-dominance.
300
What is a locus?
200
In D
200
Homologous chromosomes have the alleles for the same traits at the same
400
If you cross a Pp with a P__ and get all purple flowers what is ___?
*assume typical Mendelian Inheritance
500
What is the phenotypic ratio of a PpTt X PpTt?
400
What is the phenotypic ratio of CWCR X CWCR ?
*assume incomplete dominance
(a type of inheritance) one allele is expressed and the other is not.
.
500
If C determines bald or hairy (hairy is Dominant) and R determines red or blonde hair (Red is
dominant), what would a CcRr look like? ; ccrr? ; Ccrr? ; ccRR?
200
Phenotype is determined by the interaction of g
300
What the heck is pleiotropy?
*hint: sickle-cell anemia
and the en
.
500
The human blood groups exhibit: a—multiple alleles, b—eptistasis, c—co-dominance, d—both
a and c, e—all of the above?
200
T/F It’s possible to have more than 2 alleles for a single gene.
*bonus: what is this called? multiple alleles
400
Both alleles express themselves in: a—epistasis, b—co-dominance, c—pleiotropy, d—multiple
alleles, e—both b and d, f—all of the above?
300
If a trait forms a bell-shaped distribution what can you say about that trait?
*bonus: what do we call this?
*bonus: give an example.
200
T/F Quantitative (or Polygenic) Inheritance proves that the Blending Hypothese is sometimes
correct.
300
Which of the following follow quantitative inheritance: a—hair color, b—height, c—sickle-cell
anemia, d—skin color, e—both a, b, and d, f—both b and d, g—all of the above?
Chp. 15: Genetics:
400
If genes A and C have a recombination frequency of 20% (meaning that 20% of the time they are
inherited independently of one another/they’re not inherited together), genes A and B have a recombination
frequency of 40%, and genes C and B have a recombination frequency of 20%, what is the gene order?
200
T/F XXY males are slightly more aggressive than regular XY males.
300
In humans XY is
and XX is
. In chickens ZZ is
and ZW is
.
300
If a gene is located on the X chromosome, but not on the Y chromosome it is called?
300
What are men more susceptible to sex-linked disorders?
300
What is the probability of a female carrier for colorblindness having a colorblind son if she
marries a normal man? what if she marries a colorblind man?
300
What is a barr body?
300
How can we get a male calico cat?
200
Colorblind dad and normal mom. Probability of colorblind son? % daughter? %
100
T/F Females are mosaics with regard to X chromosome expression.
100
T/F Mutations tat occur within introns (introns do not encode genes) still affect the organism.
100
do.
T/F Point mutations in general have a greater effect on the organism than chromosomal mutations
300
Explain non-dysjunction.
*bonus: when does the first type (non-dysjunction of homologous chromosomes) occur?
*bonus: when does the second type (non-dysjunction of sister chromatids) occur?
400
Having 3 chromosome #___ s, results in Down’s Syndrome?
100
T/F non-dysjunction is more likely in older mothers.
300
What does the mitochondrion do?
300
If a female plant has mottled leaves (a disease resulting from a gentic defect in the chloroplast)
what is the probability that the offspring will have mottle leaves? %
300
If a male with mitochondrial myopathy marries a normal female what is the liklihood that their
son will have mitochondrial myopathy? % their daughter? %
---The Differerent types of Inheritance:
1. Mendelian: simple dominant/recessive
2. Co-Dominance: the ABO Blood Types
3. Incomplete Dominance: the snapdragon example
4. Sex-Linked: colorblindness
5. Pleiotropy: 1 gene many effects: sickle-cell anemia, tigers—crossed eyes and fur color
6. Multiple Genes = Polygenic or Quantitative: height, skin pigmentation.
Chp. 22: Evolution:
300
Who came up with the Theory of Natural Selection to explain evolution?
a—Darwin, b—
LaMarck, c—Hutton and Lyell, d—Wallace, e—both a and b,
f—both a and d
300
Who came up with the theory of evolution? a—Darwin, b—LaMarck,
d—Wallace, e—both a and b, f—both a and d
400
For what is Linnaeus famous
c—Hutton and Lyell,
300
Who was the famous paleontologist (studied fossils) who proposed the Theory of Catastrophism?
a—Linnaeus, b—Cuvier, c—Lyell, d—Wallace
400
100
200
300
What is uniformitarianism?
*bonus: give an example:
**bonus: why does this matter:
***bonus: who came up with this Theory:
100
T/F Characteristics gained from the environment can be passed on to offspring.
200
The Galapagos Islands were crucial in
(a scientist) Theory of Evolution by
.
200
The definition, “characteristics of organisms that enhance survival and reproduction in specific
environments” belongs with the term: a—natural selection, b—adaptations, c—evolution, d—none of the
above
200
The definition, “Process in which individuals with certain inherited traits leave more offspring
than individuals with other traits” belongs with the term:
a—natural selection, b—adaptations, c—
evolution, d—none of the above
300
What are the two components of fitness?
400
If a porcupine gives birth 3 times per year and has 8 offspring per birth, what is its relative fitness
if the porcupine is reproductively active for 5 years?
300
What is Pangea?
*sidenote: this has to do with biogeography—the movement of land masses over time affects
species distribution.
300
A
S
(by humans) is similar to Natural Selection but is: faster or slower?
300
The statement “the movement of land masses over time affects species distribution,” refers to: a—
biomass drift, b—biogenesis, c—biogeography, d—speciation
200
What is continental drift?
+600
Give as many examples as you can of the evidence presented for evolution (there are 6 total).
200
Which of the following traits was not selected for during the evolution of the horse: a—long legs,
b—big molars, c—larger size, d—darker fur color
300
Give an example of homologous structures.
*sidenote: the wings of insects are different (merely extensions of the cuticle), which means that insects
didn’t share a common ancestor with the above mentioned animals.
500
The tail, which is present in human embryos, is an example of a:
400
Molecular biology involves looking at similarities between organisms’:
200
Evolution involves the changing of a(n) individual or population?
300
A group of rabbits in the year 1910 were 95% brown and 5% white. In 2010, the rabbits were
87% brown and 13% white. This group of rabbits is undergoing?
300
What do we call the sum of all the alleles of all the genes of all the individuals in a population?
500
The (individual or population?) undergoes selection and the (individual or population?) undergoes
evolution.
400
If HH=50, Hh=36, and hh=14, how many total alleles are there?
What is the allelic frequency of H?
What is the allelic frequency of h?
500
If Burkitt’s Lymphoma is a disease inherited in a Mendelian fashion and the homozygous
recessive genotype has the disease, How many carriers are there in a population of 20,000? The allelic
frequencies of B=0.74 and b=0.26.
500
If Hodgkin’s Lymphoma is a disease inherited in a Mendelian fashion and the homozygous
recessive genotype has the disease, How many diseased individuals are there in a population of 20,000?
The allelic frequencies of H=0.83.
Exam 4 Material:
Adaptation and Speciation:
According to the Biological Species Concept, a species is defined as a group of organisms that has the
ability to:
What type of selection leads to speciation?
Match the following species concepts with their correct definitions:
ecological: species defined by anatomical features
biological: species defined by their role in the environment
morphological: species defined by their ability to interbreed
What’s the difference between pre- and post-zygotic barriers?
If a mountain range divides a population, this is an example of a post- or pre-zygotic barrier?
bonus: what kind of isolation?
Plants flowering at different times of the year is a prime example of which type of isolation: a-habitat, btemporal, c-behavioral, d-mechanical, e-gametic
bonus: think of an example of each kind of isolation.
What type of barrier prevents the formation of the zygote?
T/F Many times the hybrid produced by two plant species is not only viable, but more successful than the
two parents.
What is the difference between allopatric and sympatric speciation?
Give an example of sympatric speciation.
When one species branches and two species result, this is known as cladogenesis/anagenesis.
bonus: what is anagenesis?
What do Hox genes control?
Ecology:
T/F Ecology is a branch of biology and is therefore a science.
T/F Environmentalism is a branch of biology and is therefore a science.
A type of ecosystem, classified by climate and potential vegetation is known as a:
What is the difference between biotic and abiotic factors?
Give some examples of abiotic factors.
Climate/Weather is an average of a region’s climate/weather.
Which biome has a higher temperature, a coniferous or temperate forest?
Which biome has the most rainfall? tropical forest
T/F Animals can have a major impact on biomes.
If the fronts in the US move West to East, would you expect the West or East side of the Rocky Mountains
to be wetter?
In which biomes would you find tress?
What’s the difference between a grassland and a savannah
What is an epiphyte?
bonus: why are they important?
T/F The soil in tropical forests is very rich in nutrients.
bonus: where are the nutrients?
What biomes used to be present in Iowa?
Which biome has plants with flammable foliage?
The divisions between biomes is called a(n):
T/F It’s possible to have a grassland within a desert.
T/F Organisms can transform biomes.
bonus: give an example. elephants eating trees = savannah  grassland
Cattle grazing could transform a grassland into a: a-savannah, b-desert, c-coniferous forest, d-ectotone
How do we classify aquatic biomes? a-water depth, b-salt concentration, c-what organisms live there, d-at
least two of the above are correct
Which biomes has the largest salt concentration? a-marine, b-freshwater, c-brackish, d-none of the above
What is an estuary?
T/F Much of the ocean is extremely deep and devoid of most life.
Population Ecology:
A population is: a-a large group of a single species, b-the collection of all the living organisms in a given
area, c-the collection of all the living and nonliving components of a given area.
The study of factors that change the size of a population is referred to as: a-species drift, b-genetic drift,
c-demography, d-census
When studying populations, what does “N” represent?
T/F The number of individuals (N) is usually determined exactly for a given population.
Let’s say that I go out to the woods and mark 500 squirrels. Later that week, I return to the woods, catch
20 squirrels and notice that 5 of them are marked. What is N?
Which of the following terms are used by ecologists to describe the dispersion of a population? a-uniform,
b-varied, c-clumped, d-spread, e-random, f-more than 1 of the above
*bonus: which ones?
*bonus: describe each (a, c and e)
*bonus: which dispersion pattern is least likely to be found?
Which of the following would cause a population to grow? a-lowering the death rate, b-lowering the birth
rate, c-increasing immigration, d-decreasing emigration, e-all of the above, f-all of the above, except b
In a polygamous species will an increase in the ratio of female to males increase or decrease the population
growth rate?
T/F In regards to age structure, humans have discrete generations.
*bonus: what do we have?
*bonus: give an example of discrete generations.
Mortality refers to death rate as ____ refers to birth rate.
After excessive hunting, which greatly reduces the population size, a species with a high or low generation
time will be able to recover faster?
What type of survivorship curve do humans follow?
*bonus: explain this curve.
Explain the reproductive strategy of mice (hint: they follow a Type III survivorship curve).
Explain the reproductive strategy of beavers (hint: they follow a Type I survivorship curve).
There are two types of population growth (J-shaped growth and S-shaped growth). Differentiate between
them.
If you got through all this, you probably deserved to be teaching this course next year ;)
GOOD LUCK on the Final!!