Download BETWEEN THE WARS THROUGH WWII

BETWEEN THE WARS
THROUGH WWII
EQ: HOW DID WWI
LEAD TO WWII?
POST WWI – 1920’S
» WWI over 1919
» 1920’s – Fun times in the US
» The “Roaring Twenties”
» It was a time of economic and
cultural growth
» Time of Overproduction
»Cars, Home appliances, Booze
» Time of Fun
»Dance Marathons
»Parties
THE GREAT DEPRESSION
» Start: Stock Market Crash Oct. 1929
in U.S.
» Leads to depression around the
world
» Cause:
» Overproduction of goods,
declining market;
» Buying on margin (w/ credit);
» Uneven distribution of wealth;
» Imbalance in foreign trade due to
high tariffs
BAD TIMES = BAD LEADERS
» Desperate time in Europe = Dictators
promise hope
» Russia: Stalin (Communist
Dictator)
» Germany: Hitler (Nazi Dictator)
» Italy: Mussolini (Fascist)
» Japan: Hirohito (Emperor)
Tojo (Military leader)
BAD LEADERS GOVT
»Dictatorship: a country lead by ruler with
total power; usually taken by force
»Totalitarianism: Govt controls every aspect
of public & private life
»
BETTER LEADERS
»U.S. (Democracy, President):
»Franklin Roosevelt
(Beginning of war to month before
end)
»Harry Truman (last month of
war)
»Great Britain: Winston
Churchill (Representative)
JAPAN
»Quickly became an empire
»Did NOT want to be taken
over by other countries
»Tried to gain territory
during WWI- fail
»Wants to create a
‘Japanese lake’ within the
Pacific
»Pearl Harbor to take out US
as a threat
HITLER
» Leader of Germany 1934-1945
» National Socialist German Workers' Party - NAZI
» Angry over Germany’s loss and treatment after WWI
» Blames Jewish people
»
»
»
»
»
FACTORS LEADING TO WAR
» Dissatisfaction with Treaty of
Versailles
» Extreme forms of nationalism
» Rise of militarismtechnically illegal for
Germany
» World wide depression and
economic instability
STEPS TOWARD WAR
» Hitler:
» Sends forces to Rhineland- Illegal
» Forces Austria to reunite with Germany- Illegal
» Demands Czechoslovakia give back the Sudetenland
- Area with many ethnic Germans
» Munich Conference 1938
» French & British leaders met with Hitler
» Czechs to give back the Sudetenland
» Hitler promises not to claim any other lands
» Appeasement: giving in to an aggressor to preserve
peace
STEPS TOWARD WAR
» 1939 - Hitler takes over the rest of
Czechoslovakia
» Hitler & Stalin (USSR) sign Non-Aggression
Pact (August 1939)
» The two countries agree not to attack
one another & divide Poland between
them
» Sept 1939: Germany invades Poland = WWII
begins
» No fear of Soviet attack
» Britain & France declare war on Germany
EQ: HOW WAS WWII FOUGHT
DIFFERENTLY THAN PREVIOUS
WARS?
NEW SIDES WERE CHOSEN
AXIS POWER
»GERMANY
ALLIED POWER
»ITALY
»GREAT BRITAIN
»FRANCE (left in June 1940)
»RUSSIA (until June,1941)
»RUSSIA (joined in June 1941)
»JAPAN
»UNITED STATES
U.S. NEUTRALITY?
Despite Neutrality Laws,
Roosevelt allowed:
»“Cash & Carry” policy: Allies
pay for weapons in cash &
carry on their own ships
»Lend-Lease Act: weapons on
loan in exchange for bases
THE WAR BEGINS
» Hitler aims to take out Britain & France
then Russia
» Blitzkrieg (“lightening war”): tactic using
fast-moving airplanes and tanks,
followed by infantry forces
» Moves through Scandinavian Countries
» France unable to hold off the Germans
» France surrenders, signs armistice
June, 1940
» Poland ceases to exist after a month
THE BATTLE OF BRITAIN
Britain now stood alone
» Winston Churchill elected Prime Minister
» The British Bulldog; Known for his
speeches; hope of the British
The Battle of Britain
» German air war against Britain
» British use radar and German code breaking
machine – Enigma
» First time Hitler’s attacks were blocked
» Result: British saw Germans could be
stopped
GERMANY INVADES RUSSIA
Hitler switched focus to the Mediterranean and Eastern
Europe - Balkans
» Sept 1940: Axis Powers attack North Africa
» April 1941: Take Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, Yugoslavia &
Greece
Germany headed for Russia, paranoid they will attack first
» June 1941: Hitler invades Russia - breaking the NonAggression Pact
» Attacks successful - capture major cities
» Russia retreats into country, uses Scorched Earth Policy
» Russia joins the side of the Allied Powers
PEARL HARBOR
» Dec 7th, 1941: Japan bombed
Pearl Harbor
» Destroy 300 airplanes, 20
naval vessels, 8 battleships
» 2,000 dead & 1,000 wounded
» America declares war on
Japan
» Germany declares war on the
U.S.
» The US is now in the war
TURNING POINTS - EUROPEAN THEATER
Battle of Stalingrad – Aug 1942 – Feb 1943
» Hitler attempted to capture the oil fields at all costs
» Stalin determined to keep his name sake
» Heavy bombardment fails to deter Soviets
» Breakthrough at Kursk allows Soviets to encircle
Germans
» Result: Ends German offensive capability in Europe
» Why it fails:
» Russian winter
» Failure to supply
» Soviet determination; Soviets capture 300,000
TURNING POINTS - PACIFIC THEATER
Battle of Midway – June 1942
» Japan targeted Midway Island as a staging site
for capturing Hawaii
» The last three American carriers, hidden, await
surprise counterattack
» Results for Japan:
» All Japanese carriers destroyed, 80% of
experienced pilots lost
» Japan’s offensive war is over
» Results for U.S.:
» Yorktown sunk, Midway saved
» Americans now takes the offensive in “Island
Hopping” Campaigns
TACTICS USED
» Island hopping: series of battles
between the US and Japan on islands
in the Pacific
» Kamikaze: ‘Divine Wind’- Use of
suicidal tactics of crashing planes
into US ships
» Navajo Code Talkers: Bilingual Navajo
speakers were enlisted by the military.
They were used to pass along
messages that would not easily be
deciphered by the opposition
D-DAY: INVASION OF NORMANDY
» June 6, 1944: American, British, and Canadian troops
» Largest amphibian attack by land-sea-air
» Tried to trick the Germans with attack in North; Germans
knew it was fake, were there for the attack
» Within a week, Normandy was secure, over 300,000 troops
had landed
» Germany surrenders
» Europe in total ruins
EQ: HOW DID WWII ALTER THE
LIVES OF PEOPLE AROUND
WORLD?
WAR COMES TO AN END
»Mussolini
attempts to
escape with wife
»They are detained,
executed, and
hung in public
square
»Crowd grows –
spits, throws
objects, and beats
their bodies
WAR COMES TO AN END
VE Day- Victory Day in Europe
» Russia liberates East, first to arrive in Berlin
» Allies liberate Paris, then W. Germany
» Hitler and his closest men hide in bunker
» April 29th, Hitler married his mistress
» April 30th, 1945, Hitler commits suicide
» Swallowed cyanide pill and shot himself in the head
» His body was cremated and continually moved
around so his final resting would not be disturbed
» May 7, 1945: Germany surrenders
U.S. & THE ATOMIC BOMB
» The Manhattan Project: U.S. fearful of Germans; attempt to
develop ‘the Bomb’ first
» A. Einstein’s theories & Headed by physicist J. Robert
Oppenheimer
» Uranium developed in Tennessee; test conducted a secret
weapons laboratory in Los Alamos, New Mexico
» Only 3 bombs could be made
Intended uses:
» 1st: Destroy Germany - already surrendered
» 2nd: Force Japan to surrender
» 3rd: Enable the U.S. to threaten the Soviets
HIROSHIMA (Little Boy) – 8:15am August 6, 1945
150,000 killed
NAGASAKI (Fat Man) – 11:02am August 9, 1945
75,000 Killed
LITTLE BOY
FAT MAN
VJ DAY- VICTORY OVER JAPAN
»September 2, 1945 Japanese surrender
»Japan's surrender
brought an end to
World War II
THE HOLOCAUST- HITLER’S NAZI GERMANY
» Hitler gains control during depression
» Nuremberg Rallies: Biggest example of
propaganda; grew to 100,000 in size
» Unacceptable ideas were removed by the
“Burning of the Books”
» Einstein, Freud, Marx, Sanger, Sinclair
» Recruited young to do his dirty work; educated them
in the NAZI ways: Boys fought, Girls were mothers
» “Big Lie”: blamed Jewish people for Germany’s
defeat during WWI
» If you tell a lie big enough, say it enough times, and
believe in it yourself then so will everyone else
THE HOLOCAUST
» Genocide: The deliberate killing of a large group of people,
especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation
» Hitler’s genocide included:
» Political dissidents
» Communists
» Invalids
» Gypsies
» Homosexuals
» Russians
» Africans
» Jews
THE HOLOCAUST - TIMELINE
» 1933: First Concentration camp, Dachau, formed, initially for
political dissidents
» Nazis proclaim boycott of all Jewish businesses
» Jews dismissed from education, civil service, and the military
» 1935: Riechstad passes race-based, anti-Semitic “Nuremburg
Laws”
» 1938: Kristallnacht - ”night of broken glass” - provoked riots
against Jewish businesses
» 1939: Jews ordered to wear the “Star of David”
» 1940: Warsaw Ghetto sealed off - deported to camps
THE NUREMBERG LAWS
» 1935: Anti-Semitic (Jew) “Nuremburg Laws”
» Protection Law:
» No German/Jewish marriages
» No sexual relations with Jews
» Jews are not permitted to display German Flag
» No Jewish house keepers under 45yrs
» Citizen Law:
» Only Germans are full citizens
» “A Jew cannot be a citizen of the Reich…He has no right
to vote in political affairs and he cannot hold public
office.”
THE HOLOCAUST - TIMELINE
» 1941: “Final Solution” is put in motion: plan for
exterminating all Jewish people in Germany
» 1942: Wannsee Conference orders the, “Final Solution”
» 1943: Liquidation of the Warsaw Ghetto and other ghettos
» 1944: Himmler orders the complete destruction of the
camps to hide the evidence
» 1945: All camps are liberated and Hitler’s Holocaust is
exposed
» Nuremberg Trials commence to punish Nazis for “War
crimes against humanity”
LIFE IN THE GHETTOS
Ghetto: Segregated area in which Jews were
required by law to reside
» In the 1930s, Hitler established ghettos in
Germany and German-controlled countries
Warsaw Ghetto
» After Poland invasion, all Jewish peoples
(about 400,000) were confined to the
Warsaw Ghetto
» Gated; anyone spotted leaving was shot on
sight
» Nazi’s controlled food let into the area;
Many died from diseases and starvation
» Burned to the ground by Nazi’s, people
sent to concentration camp Treblinka
CONCENTRATION CAMPS
Between 1933 and 1945,
Nazi and allies established
more than 40,000 camps.
The perpetrators used
these sites for a range of
purposes, including
forced labor, detention of
people thought to be
enemies of the state, and
mass murder.
Result: About 10 million
dead
CONCENTRATION CAMPS
HUMAN GUINEA PIGS
» The people in the camps were used to test:
» High Altitude
» Ways to counter act gangrene
» Twins
» Poison
» Tuberculosis
» Bone, Muscle & joint transplants
» Sterilization
» Artificial insemination
» High altitude- These were preformed by Dr. Sigmund Rascher. The prisoners were placed in
pressure chambers and had the pressure increased and increased up to about 68,000 ft. Their
physiological responses were watched as they lost consciousness and died.
» Freezing- These experiments were done to find out what would happen to men who had to drop
into the freezing cold north sea. They were done by Dr. Sigmund Rascher at Dachau and
Auschwitz. The victims were either placed in a freezing tub of water or outside in sub zero
temperatures. It was learned that most victims lost consciousness and died when the body
reached about 25 C.
» Sulfanilamide- To find ways of counteracting gangrene, the Nazi doctors would deliberately cut
open a person's leg or arm and infect it to see how the diseases progressed. They would often
infect the war like wounds with gas gangrene and agitate the woulds with glass and sand. They
wanted to see if drugs like Sulfanilamide would help to cure the disease.
» Twins- Twins were inspected to see what would happen to one if something was done to
another. They were usually killed after they had been examined for a few weeks. The doctors
wanted to know how they happened and to see if they could find out the secret of multiply births
in order to populate the would with more Aryans. These experiments were preformed by the
infamous DR. Joseph Mengele.
» Poison- These experiments were done to find the poison that was most effective for gassing
prisoners. The two most often used were Phenol and Cyanide. They would put poison in the
prisoner's food or shoot them with poison bullets. Victims who did not die, were killed so that
autopsies could be done.
» Tuberculosis- Dr. Kurt Heissmeyer wanted to find a cure for TB so he injected several hundred
victims with live TB virus to see if he could find a cure. If they did not die from the disease
they were killed so that the doctor could perform autopsies.
» Bone, muscle, and joint transplantation- At Ravensbruck doctors trying to find out if body
parts could be transplanted, would cut off parts of prisoners bodies and try to attach them to
others. They would also cut of bodily organs and try to re-grow them outside the body.
» Sterilization- The main reason for all of the concentration camps was to find an effective way
to get rid of the undesirables, so one of the experiments was sterilization. Most men were
castrated or had their testis burned by radiation. Women had caustic acids injected into their
uterus'.
» Artificial insemination- Dr. Carl Clauberg preformed artificial insemination experiments on
many woman prisoners in Auschwitz. These experiments were preformed to find ways of
increasing the Aryan race. He would often taunt the victims, telling them that he had put
animal sperm in them and they were growing monsters. These woman lived in Block 10 and
were in constant fear that they would be chosen as a "block10 whore."
CONCENTRATION CAMPS
Those who put their lives
in danger to help others
NUREMBERG TRIALS
» Allies tried the Nazi
leaders for “crimes
against humanity”
» 1st International court to
punish leaders beyond
normal conditions of war
» 21 Nazi leaders were
found guilty of war crimes
» 12 executed
» 3 sentenced to life
TOKYO TRIALS
»Tried and executed Hideki
Tojo & 6 other leaders
»Tried 5,700
»720 executed
FINAL EFFECTS OF WWII
» Germany Divided: East(Russia) & West(Allies)
» Japan allowed to keep emperor; but dominated by US
» Europe divided by Allies and Soviets
» Devastating loss of life
» Allied military deaths: 16.8 million
» Axis military deaths: 5.6 million
» Civilian Deaths: 55 million
» Jews, gypsies, etc.: 10 million
» United Nations formed
» Cold War begins between US & USSR