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Physics 3610/6610
Lab Manual
Kai Martens
Physics 3610/6610: Electronics I
Laboratory Manual
U NIVERSITY
OF U TAH
D EPARTMENT OF P HYSICS
c
2007
Department of Physics, University of Utah
All Rights Reserved
Contents
1 General Instructions
1
2 Prof. Bergeson’s Advice:
2
3 Tables
4
3.1
Table of SI prefixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
3.2
Resistor Color Codings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
3.3
Capacitor Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
4 Parts List
6
1 General Instructions
Credit for the labs is given upon completion of the tasks associated with a lab exercise. Completion of the exercise means that you yourself produced a working version of the required circuits
AND are able to explain how it works. You will also have to show documentation on how you
calculated the parameters for your circuit (e.g. the values for resistances in your circuit). So please
make it a habit to keep a precise log of all your work and in particular all the calculations you do
when designing your circuit. - We will hold you to a standard:
Work not documented is work not done!
It is YOUR responsibility to make sure that you yourself as well as others (e.g. the TA) can fully
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reconstruct your work from your documentation. No leaps of faith in science or engineering,
please. In the beginning the lab instructions will repeatedly remind you of this, but as you are
supposed to get the hang of it these reminders will fade, but by no means your obligation to
document.
A sheet with lab instructions will be posted on the course web page for each experiment. It will
have a field for you to put your name and a place for the TA to sign off on your work, which he
or she will do after your work is completed, documented, and your understanding of the circuit
demonstrated to the TA. You should keep that sheet and attached documentation for your record
and as your receipt in case there are any inconsistencies with our accounting of which labs we
think you have completed. When the TA signs off on your work, please make sure he or she also
credits you in our own documentation that I will later use to determine your grade.
You will be given equipment and a locker for the duration of the course. We will have you sign a
Lab Agreement that and expect that you return all the equipment in working order. Breadboards in
particular do fail, and that will not be counted against you. If the breadboard failure is the result
of your pet elephant stepping on it though, we will want the $ 75 from you that we estimate it
will cost us to replace the board.
For your education it also is your responsibility to find all the necessary data sheets for your
experiments. Start your favorite search engine with the part number and it should quickly get
you there. Do what it takes; do not come back to us with complaints like: I tried once on brokensearchengine.com and got no result... (Some data sheets are really not available though...)
Acknowledgements:
The lab exercises were developed by people before me (Kai). I believe that Dave Kieda played a
major role in developing it, but you would have to ask people older than me if you want to know
more of the history of this course. Anyway, I am grateful to all the giants on whose shoulders you
find me standing.
2 Prof. Bergeson’s Advice:
• Never design a complicated circuit
All working circuits are simple, or are arrays of simple circuits. Furthermore, if you cannot
explain how the circuit works to a retarded chimpanzee, then you will never be able to find
out why, in fact, the circuit does not work at all.
• Master the hierarchy of circuit elements:
1.) resistors
2.) capacitors
3.) inductors
4.) integrated circuits
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5.) transistors, diodes, etc.
6.) electron tubes...
Never let the performance depend on the parameters of an element towards the bottom of
the list if it can be made to depend on the parameters of an element higher up (Personally, I
have never liked inductors, so my circuits depend only on capacitors and resistors.
• Never calculate the performance of a circuit until you already know how it will perform
If you have to calculate the performance, you have ignored the first advice...
• When a circuit does not perform as expected, look for simple reasons:
Do not design a new circuit, correct the old one. A circuit will perform as expected at first
only 5% of the time (With experience, this figure may go as high as 20%). The reason for
failure lies not in the central idea, which of course you worked out impeccably; it always
lies in some secondary consideration like biasing, stray inductance, etc. Occasionally the
cause is not simple. In such a case, the only hope is a brand new circuit. However, simple
causes usually masquerade as complicated ones until they are found.
(Kai’s added comments: Faulty contacts, termination, or settings on your probes may also
cause you grief with no fault on the part of the circuit. Sometimes switching on the power
will miraculously enhance the powers of your design: always check your supply lines; you
may have blown a fuse while you were twiddling.
• If you have a mechanical problem (packaging, connectors, etc.), NEVER ask a scientist
for help!
Scientists prefer to build things with chewing gum, duct tape, and rubber bands. An engineer is better. A good engineer is best of all. (But electronics parts salespeople are worst of
all unless they have been engineers or technicians.
• When reading about electronics, first look at the pictures and the diagrams.
If you do not see how it works immediately, the circuit violates the first advice. The text
may be read for details after you understand how the circuit works.
• Learn the hierarchy of electronics literature:
1.) price lists
2.) specification sheets
3.) advertisements
4.) articles on electronics
5.) books
Things toward the bottom of the list are of value only as they lead you to things toward the
top of the list.
• Remember that scientists can get only half the performance from components that specification writers can get.
Transistor oscillators and amplifiers are good up to one half of the “maximum useful frequency”. Power transistors burn out at half their power rating, etc, etc, etc.
• If you can: Get an integrated circuit for your task!
It will perform twice as well as anything you can build, but still half as well as the specification sheets say.
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• Ignore people who say: “Your design is unorthodox: a Peterson circuit would work better.” or “Ah, you are using a modified Bridgeman amplifier.”
Such people are jealous of your creative genius, and only wish to detract from your magnificent design. However, if they can propose a simpler or obviously more reliable circuit,
welcome their comments.
3 Tables
3.1 Table of SI prefixes
Y
Z
E
P
T
G
M
k
h
da
d
c
m
µ
n
p
f
a
z
y
1024
1021
1018
1015
1012
109
106
103
103
101
10−1
10−2
10−3
10−6
10−9
10−12
10−15
10−18
10−21
10−24
yotta
zetta
exa
peta
tera
giga
mega
kilo
hecto
deca
deci
centi
milli
micro
nano
pico
femto
atto
zepto
yocto
3.2 Resistor Color Codings
The stripes on a resistor tell the resistance value and its tolerance. The color rings are grouped
towards one end of the resistor; start reading from that same end. The color of the first ring
indicates the first digit of the resistance value, and the second ring the second digit. The third
ring indicates the power of ten that this value had to be multiplied with. A fourth ring indicates
the tolerance on this value; if no fourth ring is present, the tolerance defaults to ±20%.
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color
Black
Brown
Red
Orange
Yellow
Green
Blue
Violet
Gray
White
Gold
Silver
Lab Manual
first digit second digit multiplier
0
0
1
1
1
10
2
2
100
3
3
1,000
4
4
10,000
5
5
100,000
6
6
1,000,000
7
7
N/A
8
8
N/A
9
9
N/A
0.1
0.01
Kai Martens
color
Gold
Silver
none
tolerance
±5%
±10%
±20%
3.3 Capacitor Codes
For capacitors there are essentially two and three number codes, sometimes followed by a letter
for the tolerance. If a voltage is printed on the capacitor, the capacitor is rated up to that voltage; if
higher voltage is applied, it will fail. Codes of the form Letter-Number-Letter refer to temperature
tolerance and dependence. Here is how to read the two or three digit number codes: The basic
unit of measure is the pF. Two number codes directly translate into pF capacitance, with the two
digits representing the two significant digits in that measure. Thus an imprint of 47 means 47 pF
and 47K a 47 pF capacitor with a 10% tolerance. If three digits are given, the third digit represents
a multiplier much like the third ring on a resistor. The two tables below list the multipliers as well
as the optional tolerance letter that may follow the capacitor code:
third digit
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
multiplier
1
10
100
1,000
10,000
100,000
N/A
N/A
0.01
0.1
letter
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
J
K
M
N
P
Z
tolerance
±0.10%
±0.25%
±0.50%
±0.50%
±1%
±2%
±3%
±5%
±10%
±20%
±0.05%
+100%, -0%
+80%, -20%
A capacitor marked 104 has a capacitance of 10×10,000 pF = 0.1 µF. A 472J is a 4.7 nF capacitor
with a 5% tolerance. Large capacitors will have their capacitance printed on them directly. A
capacitance meter (on the Extech 380771 DMM) is available in the lab.
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4 Parts List
4
4
4
4
4
2
1
1
4
2
1
1
1
1
1
6
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
3
1
2
Resistors [Ω]
10, 100, 120, 150, 180, 220, 330, 390, 470, 560, 680, 820
1k, 1.2k, 1.5k, 1.8k, 2.2k, 3.3k, 3.9k, 4.7k, 5.6k, 6.8k, 8.2k
10k, 12k, 15k, 18k, 22k, 33k, 39k, 47k, 56k, 68k, 82k
100k, 120k, 180k, 220k, 390k, 470k, 560k, 680k, 820k
1M, 1.5M, 2.2M, 3.3M, 4.7M
Capacitors [F]
1n, 10n, 20n, 470n, 1µ, 4.7µ, 47µ
10p, 22p, 47p, 100p, 470p, 4.7n, 47n, 100n, 220n
Thermistor
KA 35J3-5K5
Diodes
1N4148 Small Signal Diode
Transistors
2N4401 Small Signal General Purpose npn-Transistor
2N4403 Small Signal General Purpose pnp-Transistor
2N5485 General Purpose n-Channel JFET Transistor
VN10KM or VN10LP nMOS Power FET Transistor
CA 3046 Transistor Array
L14P1 Photo Transistor
Linear ICs
LM 741 Operational Amplifier
LM 311 Comparator
CA 3080 or NTE 902 Operational Transconductance Amplifier
NTE 989 Phase Locked Loop (PLL; formerly LM 565)
LM 723 Voltage Regulator
NJM 7806 Voltage Regulator
NJM 7906 Voltage Regulator
Digital ICs
CD 4001 quad 2-input NOR Gates
CD 4011 quad 2-input NAND Gates
CD 4013 dual D-type Flip-Flop
CD 4016 quad Bilateral Analog Switch
CD 4018 Presettable Divide-by-N Counter
CD 4049 hex Inverter
CD 4081 quad 2-input AND Gate
CD 4528 or MC14538B dual Monostable Multivibrator
CD 4027 dual J-K Flip-Flop
MM
74C48
BCD-to-Seven-Segment
Hexadecimal
Latch/Decoder/Driver
CD 4029 Presettable Up-Down Binary/Decimal Counter
Displays
NSL 5053 or NSL 5056 LED
FNO 500 or LN 514 7-Segment
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