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Essays of an Information Scientist, Vol:3, p.633-639, 1977-78 Current Contents, #38, p.5-11, September 18, 1978 The 1. Wmber 38 Citation Most-Cited Sedember As promised previously l-z here is the list of authors most cited by social scientists. This list is based on data taken from our Social Sciences 100 Authors, 1969-1977. How the Names Were Index ‘m SSCI Selected 18, 197[ edge the work of other authors through citations. To compile the SSC1, we created an entry for each of these explicit citations. For the period 1969-1977, we processed nearly 8 million citations appearing in 800,000 source items. Once the basic .SSC1 is compiled, we sort the file by number of citations received by each author. The list shown in Figure 1 is the tip of an enormous iceberg of cited scholars. Limiting the list to 100 authors is arbitrary and based on cost and the lack of space and energy. It is important to point out that this list is based on primary author data. In this study, citations to a publication with two or more authors are credited only to the first author. Readers familiar with our recent study of the 300 most-cited scientists will appreciate the potential shortcomings of a list that doesn’t account for co-authors.J However, as seen in the earlier parts of this study, co-authorship in the social sciences is by no means as significant as in the hard sciences. Nevertheless, in the future we will (SSCI’U) from 1969 to 1977. We have arranged the list by discipline. Psychology (including psychoanalytic theory) is by far the largest field and is thus subdivided into specialties. Arranging the list categorically should prevent invidious comparisons across disciplines. In a few cases, however, authors involved in interdisciplinary research may feel they have been misclassified by our system. For each name we have also provided the birthdate, the total number of citations, and the average number of citations from 1969-77. In addition, the citation counts for 1976 and 1977 are also provided. This gives an idea of the continuing interest in the areas involved. For those readers unfamiliar with citation analysis, let me recapitulate the selection procedure. Authors of scholarly papers acknowl- 633 organizational psychology, and one each in genetic psychology and mathematical psychology. As with similar studies of scientists in which we made no age limitations, the average age is especially high. Classical authors like Marx and Freud continue to be heavily cited, but the age of living authors averaged 62. One might have expected thk to be even higher considering older that scholars have published much more that could have been cited than their young colleagues. The list contains 35 authors in their 50s, born between 1919 and 1928, and 24 in their bOs, born between 1909 and 1918. Ten authors are in their 40s. About 31, or almost a third are (or would be) over 70. Fifteen are (or would be) in their 70s, eight in their 80s, and eight would be over 100 if they were still alive. Jung, Thorndike, and Lenin would be between 100 and 110: Weber and Dewey between 110 and 119; S. Freud and Durkheim between 120 and 129; and Marx would be 160. In contrast, the youngest author to appear on the list was Posner, born in 1936. It is interesting to note that many of the authors on this list did not publish a Citation Classic or highlycited article or book. However, it is usually possible to identify, for each author, his or her most significant work. Thus, Allport did not have an try to apply the programs we developed for the Science Citation to our SSCI data base. Index@ The average number of citations for those primary authors listed here is 2,548 or 283 citations per year for the nine-year period, 1969-1977. Clearly these authors are in a special “superstar” category. But the same is probably true for the next hundred authors who received an average of 1,260 citations; that is. 140 per year. One would at least want to examine the 1,000 most-cited authors. The 1,000th most-cited name received 497 citations. There are 55 psychologists on the list along with 15 sociologists. Twelve authors are in statistics or psychometrics; eleven in economics or econometrics: three in the history of science and philosophy; two in anthropology; one in linguistics: and one in political philosophy. We may present the 50 mostcited authors in each social science field in future essays. Of those authors in psychology, ten are in social psychology and motivation theory, eight are involved with behavior theory, seven are in cognitive psychology, and seven in developmental and child psychology. Six of the authors are in personality and five in clinical psychology. There are three authors each in educational psychology and in neuro-psychology, two each in psychoanalytic theory and 634 item on the lists of most-cited articles or books. But his most-cited work was The nature of prejudice which received 194 citations during the nine-y ear period. The most-cited author was Sigmund Freud. The 12,319 citations to his various works, as with other classical authors like Marx, are not exactly equatable to citations to current articles or books. There is a tendency to cite chapter and verse in greater detail with these authors. Thus, six specific passages in a single work by Freud might each be cited in a paper. This would give Freud six citations. You would get significantly different counts if you counted each cited author for each citing work. Freud would then receive only one citation no matter how often a single paper cited his works. The appearance of controversial authors such as Eysenck, Rosenthal, and Jensen may cast suspicion on the methodology. But it is impact we are measuring. It turns out with that this is usually associated significance. You must judge the results. To help you do this, we intend to analyze the recognition these authors have received. Those social scientists who have been well recognized by awards and other honors should not object to the corroboration of citation analysis. But more importantly, if our studies call attention to the work of those who have not been adequately recognized, the effort will have been rewarded. I REFERENCES 1. Garfield E. The 100 articles most cited by social Current Contents (32):5-14, 7 August 1978. scientists, 1969-1977. 2. --------------- The 100 books most cited by social scientists, 1969-1977. Current Contents (37):5- 16, 11 September 1978. The 300 most-cited authors, 1961-1976, including 3. --------------1. How the names were selected. Current Contents (28):5-17, 10 July 1978. co-authors at last. 1: The Figure Sciences Citation 100 most-cited authors, Index ‘“, 1969-1977. Total (B&thdate) on data from the Social Average Citations Name based Citations 1969-1977 1969-1977 1976 Citations 1977 Citations PSYCHOLOGY Social Psychology & Motivation Theory Bazdura A ( 1925) Berkowitz L ( 1926) Brown R (1925) Deutsch M ( 1920) 5,050 1,992 2,158 2,019 Festinger 2.888 L ( 1919) Jones EE ( 1926) 1,564 MeClellrmd 1,960 Rokeach M (1918) Rosenthal 2,370 R ( 1933) Scbacter 2,466 S (1922) Anderson Berlyne (Operant NH ( 1925) 2.139 2,186 DE ( 1926) HJ (1916) BF (1904) 3,672 Underwood BJ ( 1915) Wolpe J(1915) Cognitive 1,810 5,370 1,523 MI ( 1936) Skinner 2,156 2,617 2,843 1,594 3,412 Paivio 2,363 Tuhkt~ 238 243 201 597 169 408 240 291 285 31 t 245 634 243 589 2CQ 290 263 210 212 582 198 367 127 276 299 316 177 379 263 169 224 339 348 272 184 174 388 340 153 305 283 178 285 224 341 554 186 255 178 271 183 205 250 22 I 221 Psychology JJrurrerJS (1915) MJIJer GA ( 1920) NeJsser U ( 1928) Osgood CE (1916) Postman 763 233 311 217 362 272 251 273 294 248 & Classical) DE (1924-1976) Broadbent Eysezrck 1,703 Theory Behavioral Pomer DC (1917) 561 221 240 224 321 174 218 263 274 189 A (1925) 2,692 L ( 1918) 1,523 E ( 1927) 2,018 Developmental & Child Bowlby J ( 1907) ErJkson EH ( 1902) 295 297 109 277 Psychology I ,602 2,566 636 194 245 Total Average citations Name {Birthdate) Developmental Freud A (1895) Kagan J (1929) Kohlberg 1969-1977 & Child Psychology L (1927) Piaget J ( 1896) Rutter M ( 1933) citations 1%9-1977 1976 Chatlorn 1977 Citations (continued) 1,864 2,444 1,924 7,572 1,821 207 272 214 841 202 1,766 2,614 4,282 I ,954 1,759 2,128 196 290 476 217 195 236 1,563 2,184 1,652 1,793 2,615 174 243 184 199 291 2,748 2,177 1,787 305 242 199 1,516 1,606 2,252 168 178 250 12,319 1,720 1,369 191 239 210 372 288 355 368 1,231 346 1,007 339 Personality A[lport G W ( 1897- 1967) Byrne D (1931) Cattell RB (1905) Maslow AH ( 1908-1970) Mischel W ( 1930) Rogers CR ( 1902) Ciinicai 162 226 554 412 253 238 352 287 260 225 Psychology Carkhuff RR (1934) Cohen J (1923) Cough HG (1921) Lewin K ( 1890-1947) Rotter JB [1916) Educational Cronbach Jensen 227 257 213 313 177 213 233 211 350 352 397 332 267 182 220 189 172 141 Psychology LI (1916) AR ( 1923) Thorrrdike 203 310 EL ( 1874- I949) Neuro-Psvchoiotz~ Hebb DO (1904) Miller NE (1909) Stevens SS (1906-1973) Psychoanalytic Freud lung (1875-1%1) Organizational 174 244 233 1,880 1,439 316 254 567 479 320 263 Theory S ( 1856-1939) CC 213 & Management Campbell DT (1916) Sbnon HA (1916) Psychology 371 240 3,337 2,160 637 1. (continued) Figure Total Name (Blrthdate) Witkin HA (1916) Average citations Citstiorrs 1969-1977 1969-1977 2,147 239 1976 Cirdorss 271 1977 citations 280 Mathematicssl Psychology Rapoport A (1911) 1,580 Arrderzon TW ( 1918) Box GEP (1919) Edwards AL ( 1914) Fisher RA f1890-1962) Goodman LA ( 1928) Guifford 1P ( 1897) Kerrdsdf MC ( 1907) 1,591 1,832 2,389 1,605 1,704 Rao CR ( 1920) RN ( 1929) Sirepard Siegel S (1916-1961) W echsler D ( 1896) Wirier BJ (1917) 176 169 140 177 259 316 249 243 270 383 255 202 239 584 256 739 202 290 203 195 267 329 204 172 197 482 273 584 262 198 305 279 269 419 325 327 305 506 301 216 183 191 277 265 222 3C2 313 285 187 480 304 192 3,413 1,863 1,639 1.582 4,038 1,788 5,233 204 265 178 189 379 207 182 176 449 199 58 I 1,674 1,588 2,188 2,134 1,808 2,963 2,238 2,337 2,018 3,473 1,542 1,831 186 176 243 237 201 329 249 260 224 386 171 203 SOCIOLOGY Argyris C (1923) Becker HS ( 1928) Blalock HM ( 1926) Bbu PM (1918) Campbell A (1910) Coleman 1S ( 1926) Duncan OD ( 1921) Durkhelm Etzioni Goffman E (1858-1917) A ( 1929) E ( 1922} Haberrrras J ( 1929) HolUngshead AB ( 1907) 638 Total Average citations 1969-1977 citations Name (Birthdate) 1%9-1977 SM (1922) ECONOMICS W] ( 1922) J (1918) Dewey Kuhn Popper 494 281 612 207 288 1,431 241 531 272 240 568 401 207 579 147 201 1,126 184 414 249 210 460 227 196 171 274 332 255 262 242 186 252 176 321 230 1,588 200 175 4,584 509 658 467 2,219 247 507 409 6,807 3,431 1,739 1,569 M ( 1864-1920) HISTORY 335 194 431 179 214 756 209 381 193 174 403 3,013 I ,744 3,879 1,612 1,923 1,885 G (1898) Samuelson PA ( 1915) Theil H ( 1924) Weber 253 313 517 & ECONOMETRICS Friedman M ( 19!2) Galbraith JK ( 1908) Johnson HG ( 1923-1977) Mars K (1818-1883) Tobin 317 385 749 3,030 5,600 Arrow KJ (1921) Myrdal 325 337 622 2,923 RK (1910) Passons T ( 1902) Merton Baumol 1977 Citations (continued) SOCIOLOGY Lipset 1976 citations OF SCIENCE J ( 1859-1952) TS ( 1922) 3,627 & PHILOSOPHY 2,042 1,765 KR ( 1902) 1,543 ANTHROPOLOGY Levi-Strauss Mead C ( 1908) M (1901) 2,270 LINGUISTICS Chomsky N (1928) POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY Lenin V1 (1870-1924) 639