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Advances in Environmental Biology, 8(22) November 2014, Pages: 941-944
AENSI Journals
Advances in Environmental Biology
ISSN-1995-0756
EISSN-1998-1066
Journal home page: http://www.aensiweb.com/AEB/
Effects of High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on Extra Cellular Heat Shock
Protein 72 (EC HSP72) in Young Inactive Women
1Neda
Kiani Mavi, 2Hojjatollah Nikbakht, 3Abbas Ali Gaieni, 4Farshad Ghazalian
1
Department of Exercise Physiology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
Department of Exercise Physiology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. 3Department of Exercise
Physiology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
4
Department of Exercise Physiology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
2
ARTICLE INFO
Article history:
Received 12 September 2014
Received in revised form 26 December
2014
Accepted 10 January 2015
Available online 2 February 2015
Keywords:
High Intensity Interval Training
EC HSP72
Inactive women
ABSTRACT
Background: Heat shock protein (HSP) 72 is a unique, ubiquitous molecule. In vitro
and in vivo animal models have shown that increased HSP 72 is associated with
improved cellular survivability and tolerance to stressors. Objective: The aim of present
study was to evaluate the changes in EC HSP72 following 8 week high intensity
interval training. Results: We recruited 20 young inactive women with no history of
cardio respiratory disses, nonsmokers and don’t receive any meditation as subjects.
Subjects were measured for height, weight and BMI one week before the study began.
Subjects divided in two groups: experimental and control. A baseline blood samples
were taken before and 24 h after the end of training protocol. Data were given as mean
± standard deviation and were analyzed using by t-test. The level of significance was
set as 0.05. The results indicated significant increase in serum concentration of EC
HSP72 (P=0.000). Conclusion: we found that high intensity interval training has a
positive effect on heat shock protein 72 in young inactive women.
© 2014 AENSI Publisher All rights reserved.
To Cite This Article: Neda Kiani Mavi, Hojjatollah Nikbakht, Abbas Ali Gaieni, Farshad Ghazalian., Effects of High Intensity Interval
Training (HIIT) on Extra Cellular Heat Shock Protein 72 (EC HSP72) in Young Inactive Women. Adv. Environ. Biol., 8(22), 941-944, 2014
INTRODUCTION
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) play an important physiological roles in both the normal and stressed cell.
Indeed, it has been thought that HSPs provide the ability of cellular protection against a variety of stresses [1,2].
HSPs can be divided into several groups based upon their molecular masses. Of particular interest is the
inducible form of the 70 kilo Dalton family of HSPs (HSP72) [3]. EC HSP 72 has been shown to be released in
vivo from the human liver, muscle and the brain during exercise. Intra (IC) and extracellular (EC) HSP 72 have
different functions. IC HSP 72 confers cellular protection from subsequent stressors, while EC HSP 72 has a
whole-body systemic role in antigen presentation and immunity and may also be of importance for the immune
response to exercise [4,5]. Investigators have suggested that EC HSP 72 responses depend upon the training
intensities, durations and type of protocol [6].
One of the protocols that is recently considered as interest of researchers is high intensity interval training
(HIIT). HIIT is Consists of alternating periods of intensive aerobic exercise with periods of passive or active
moderate/mild intensity recovery [7]. It seems that in comparison with continuous training, HIIT has better
effect on immune system. Because of importance of HIIT, the effect of that protein was studied in most of
variables and it has been shown that both short term and long term HIIT has too benefits. One of them is the
anti-inflammatory effect of HIIT. Since it is being argued more and more that inflammation is at the root cause
of nearly all disease, a whole new consideration comes into play about HIIT.
There are a few studies have measured serum or plasma HSP 72 level in response to training. To date, there
has been only one study reporting elevated plasma HSP72 concentrations in elite soccer players vs. sedentary
controls [8]. So, systematic investigation of the influence of regular training on plasma concentrations of
eHSP72 in inactive subjects is a promising task. Isanezhad et al. [9] investigated EC HSP72 in Vistar rats and
reported that EC HSP72 increased after 8 week continuous training. In most studies the effect of training on
Corresponding Author: Hojjatollah Nikbakht, Department of Exercise physiology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic
Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
Tel: (+98) 21 44865160; E-mail: [email protected]
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Neda Kiani Mavi et al, 2014
Advances in Environmental Biology, 8(22) November 2014, Pages: 941-944
HSP72 was studied intracellularly [10,11,12,13] and in the others, the effect of acute exercise was studied
[14,15,16,17]. There are, to our knowledge, no studies that examined the effect of HIIT on serum HSP72. So,
the aim of our study was to examine the effect of 8 week HIIT as the most important part of most of the sports,
on serum HSP72.
Research Method:
Twenty healthy physically inactive females were randomly divided into two groups. First group (n=10)
performed HIIT, whilst the second group served as resting controls (n=10). The subjects were informed about
potential risks and discomfort and written informed consent was obtained.
HIIT Protocol:
Subjects were required to run between markers placed 20m apart. The start point was located at the midpoint of the markers (Figure 1). Before commencement of the test subjects were given a familiarization trial of
five low-intensity runs following test procedures. The 40-m MST protocol consisted of sprinting from the midpoint to the first marker, turning running 20 m in the opposite direction to the second marker, turning and
running again through the mid-point, a total distance of 40 m. This procedure was repeated on each run with
subjects completing four sprints in first and second week, 5 sprints in third and fourth weeks, five sprints in fifth
and sixth weeks and seven sprint in seventh and eighth weeks. A 30-s recovery period was allowed between
each successive sprint. Individual 40-m and split 10-m times (distance covered from the center of the course to
the first marker) were recorded manually using a digital stopwatch by the same experimenter. Reliability for
timing was established using a test retest method during a pilot study before the experiment itself. Subjects were
encouraged to perform maximally on each occasion.
Fig. 1: Course outline showing distance and direction taken by subjects, during the 40-m maximal intensity
shuttle run test. A = 10m, B = 20m, C = 10m.
We used the Heart Rate max (HRmax)to determine the intensity of exercise training. The intensity of
training was upper %90 HRmax in all stage of protocol. Polar was used to control the heart rate and intensity of
training.
Measuring HSP 72:
To obtain serum samples for HSP72, arterial blood samples were spun at 2200g for 15 min at 4°C in tubes
containing a clot-inducing plug. A High sensitivity ELISA was used to determine the HSP72 content in serum
(EKS-700 Stressgen, Victoria, BC, Canada).
Statistics:
To evaluate the effect of HIIT on serum HSP72 in both groups (experimental and control) t-test was used. P
< .05 was set as the significance level.
Results:
The characteristics of subjects have been summarized in table 1. The results of the paired t-test illustrated in
table 2. Results show that the amount of HSP 72 have a significant increase after 8 week HIIT (p=0.000).
Table 1: Characteristics of experimental and control group.
Subjects
Age
(N)
(years)
Experimental group
10
Control group
10
Height
(cm)
165.1000
4.88194
Weight
(kg)
58.2000
4.88194
BMI
(kg/m2)
58.2000
4.88194
Vo2max
(ml/kg/min)
58.2000
4.88194
Discussion:
The results of present study showed that 8 week HIIT can increase EC HSP72 in young inactive females.
This finding is similar to [9,14]. Walsh showed that continuous training in elite athletes cause the increase of EC
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Neda Kiani Mavi et al, 2014
Advances in Environmental Biology, 8(22) November 2014, Pages: 941-944
HSP72 level. Isanezhad et al. [9] showed that 8 week continues training in rats cause the increase of serum
HSP72. The result of present study is in opposite with [6], where they reported that HSP72 don’t increase with
exercise. The differences in HSP 72 values between the two studies could be explained by the different mode,
intensity and nature of exercise. It seems that exercise intensity is an important factor in determining of HSP72
[6]. However, it was also demonstrated that exhaustive exercise at 80% Vo2max induces greater levels of
eHSP72 compared with exercise at 60% Vo2max of the same duration. Thus, the exercise-induced increase in
eHSP72 concentration was described as intensity dependent [10]. Accordingly, the increase of expression in
eHSP72 noted in this study, may relate to intensity of exercise. High intensity causes rise in core temperature
and metabolic demand and these enhances EC HSP72 [18].
Table 2: Pre and Post test changes in serum HSP72.
control
Pre-test
Post-test
EC HSP72
25.0540
24.9220
t
-0.172
sig
0.867
Pre-test
26.7400
experimental
Post-test
t
34.7000
6.083
sig
0.000
During exercise, the release of HSP72 from damaged cells contributes to circulating eHSP72 levels [6], It is
thus believed that intracellular HSP72 is the potential source of extracellular HSP72, as the release may not
depend on the translation of new intracellular protein [19]. In relation to HIIT, the key point is that the amount
of HSP72 released from muscle is directly proportional to the amount of muscle being contracted. In addition to
the amount of muscle mass involved, an increase in glycogen metabolism (as one would see with HIIT) causes a
further increase in HSP72. Consequently, whole body exercise play a major role in determining the amount of
HSP72 released from muscle and, in turn, obtaining the numerous health and performance benefits.
The release of EC HSP 72 during stress may be an adaptive feature of the stress response [19]. The
mechanism of release is unclear. The experiments of Johnson et al. [20] suggest that EC HSP 72 is released as a
result of sympathetic nervous system activation, where norepinephrine binds to a 1 adrenoreceptors, causing an
increase in intracellular calcium, thus stimulating the release exosomes containing HSP 72. Although in present
study we didn’t evaluate norepinephrine levels.
EC HSP 72 is thought to stimulate innate immunity [21], act as a danger signal resulting in improved
immune responses and facilitated host defense to pathogenic challenges [19]. For example, EC HSP 72 may
bind to toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 and/or TLR-4, initiating an immune response through dendritic cells,
macrophages and neutrophils [22,23], examples of APC. [58-611 Peptide fragments of HSP 72 can be presented
on MHC I on the APC, and provide stimulation to the cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL). If the CTL receives a 2nd
co-stimulation from the APC, the CTL becomes activated. This is a potent immune response because the HSPpeptide complexes drive the CTL response at a lower concentration (2-3 logs less) than that required for antigen
alone [24]. However, if a pathogenic challenge does not occur, then HSP 72 will have little impact on innate
immune cell production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide. Therefore, EC HSP 72 may exist as a
precautionary measure and decrease the response time to a severe stress or challenge in case a pathogenic
challenge occurs. If a pathogenic challenge ensues, then HSP 72 in conjunction with CD14 molecules and TLR
could eliminate bacteria, or in chronic disease states, exacerbate the disease state (via pro-inflammatory
influences). So, with regard to the role of HSP72 in protection of cell from injury and activate innate immune
system and decrease insulin resistance and prevention of inflammatory, can conclude that increase of EC HSP72
may have a positive role in improvement of systematic inflammatory.
Recent research reveals that, HSP72 has a protective function against cell stress, ischemia, hypoxia,
atrophy, cell injury, necrosis, elevation of body temperature, decrease of body temperature, decrease of blood
glycogen and glucose, acidosis and other cases that occurs during exercise. So, this increase in HSP72 increases
tolerance of humans to exercise induced stress [25]. Increase of HSP72 production, result in increase of the cell
resistance to pro inflammatory markers and decrease of HSP72 production, increase tendency of cells to
inflammatory markers [26]. What is more, the 8 week HIIT resulted in an increase in the EC HSP72
concentration and these shows the anti inflammatory role of HIIT, So, it can be used as an important strategy to
prevention of illness.
Conclusion:
To sum up, basing on the data collected and analysis conducted, we concluded that maintaining an
immunological response balance is vital to humans. HIIT stimulated the anti inflammatory response, which was
supported by increase of HSP72. The greater understanding of the role of HSP 72 in humans may decrease the
risk of heat illnesses.
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