Download Sc. SYLLABUS OF CALICUT UNIVERSITY

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT
I
B. Sc. SYLLABUS
PHYSICS
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I
UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT
B. Sc. SYLLABUS
PHYSICS
1978
SYTLABUS
IN
PHYSICS MAIN ['OR THE B. Sc.
DEGREE COUBSE
The course in Physics Main shall be sprcad over a period of three
years. There shall be six theory papers of 3 hrs. duration oach and
tw.r practical examinations of 3 hrs each. Thc scheme of examinatiou aod distribution of marks shall be as follows:
Theory:
Properties of matter and Thermodynamics. 3 hrs. 70
marks Ist year
Secoad year
Paper II -Optics and Spectroscopy 3 hrs. 70 marks
3 hrs, 70 marks
Paper Ill-Mechanics
Paper IV-Electr icity and
Magnetism 3 hrs. 70 mrrks
Third year
Pap:r V-Electronics and solid
state physics 3 hrs. 70 murks
3 hrs. 70 marko
Papcr Vl-ModernPhysics
Paper I
-
Practical:
Practical I-Mechanics, General
Properties of matter,
Heat and
Practical
II-Optics,
Sound
3 hrs. 70 markc
Magnetism,
Elcctricity and Elec-
tronics
Third year
3 hrs. 70 marks
Lrbr.ratory Record of Practical work
done during course
Total
Pattern of question paper
oball be 4s follows:
40 marks
600 marks
for B. Sc, Main
Theory Examinations
Section A
2 to be answered out of 4 questions (8 marks each)
- 20
Section B
answered out of 24 questiors (l l. marks each)
- 6 totsbebe answered
Section C
of 8 Problems (4 rirarks each)
-
The study of the subject shall be using the SI sr'stem of units onr.y.
A conducted study tour of students to intlustrial establishments of
intorest shall form part of the curriculum.
4
PlprR
I -
PROPERTIBS OF MATTER & THERMODYNAMICS
Properties of matter
El,asticity:
Work donelunit volume
strain l.
in linear,
shearing and compressional
Torsion
Determ ination of elastic congtan
Surface Tension
Viscosity
sion for torsional couple-work
tions-expression for periodmodulus: rod-static torsion;
inertia of a body.
ts-Interference metb od
5
Rotation viscometer: Theory and experimerrtal determination
of coefficient of viscesity of liquids artd gases-Ralkine's
method.
Variation of viscosity with temp, pressute aud concentration.
Compound Pendulunt
Definition-derivation of period -equivalent simple pendulumperlod of a.compouod
of oscillation and susp:nsion
cortre of gravity about which
pendulum-points with the-minimum
e bar perdulum-detr'rmination of 'g'the periods are the
and depth-vasiation of 'g' with the
variation of 'g' wil
rotation of the earth.
Ceotres
Thermodynamics
Thermodyoamic systems-Homogen(ous and heterogencous
rystems-Thermodynamic equiiibrium-Rcversible and irreversible
processes-Zeroth Iaw of thermodynamics.
Fuddamental concepts of work associated with chande in volume
(dw=pdv)-Graphical method olfinding the work done in a reversible proessc and in a cyclic process.-Work depends on tho path.
First law of thermodynamics-statement-differential form of
the first law (Q:dwgdu)-Heet-a path function-Impossibility of
having perpetual machine of thc 6rst kind.
E'rpression for the work done in an isothermal process.-Equation
to an adiabatic-work done in an adiabatic process-Determination
of r-Clcmeht and Dcsorme's mcthod.
Applications of thc first law: I Derivation of Cp-C,=R/J.
2. Isobaric process 3. Isochoric process 4. Joule Kelvin effectDetails of porous plug experiment and explanation of the rcsults.
Carnotts cycle-Indicator diagram-derivation of effeciencey of
Car[ot's engine-Reversibility of Carnot's cycle-Carnot's refrigerator.
Second law of thermodynamics-Claussius' statement- Kelvints
statement-Carnot's theorem and proof.
Kelvin temperature scale-Equality ol perfect gas scale and
Kelvints temperature scale-thermodynamic scale.
Heat engines
Haokine's cycle-stcam cngine, Ottocycle, Disel cycle-Indicator
diagrams-Explanations and derivation of efEcieocy.
Enlropy--change io entropy rn a revcrsible cycie and irreverrible
cycle-calculatron of changes in entropy in l) Reversible is-othermal
proce$. 2) Reversible adiabatic process 3) Reversil.le processes at
constaot valume and constant temperature 4) Irreversible process
5) Carnot's cycle 6) Any reversible cycle-Problems connected with
change of entropy when ice is converted to steam.
Principle of incrcase of entropy-entropy and disorder-Entropy
diagrams for isothormal, adiabatic rnd Cernot's cyclc.
-tcmpcraturo
6
Third law of thermodynamics - Zero poit energy
Applications of therm:ldyi:amics-Maxwell's relations and their
applications. Derivation of latent heat equations
l) dP/dT:L/I(Y, -V1) 2) C2 -C1-dtldT-LlT
Books
for study:
l. - Properties of matter-D. S. Mathur-S. Chand & Co.,
2.
3.
4.
Delhi
Properties of matter -Udadhyaya
Fundamentals of Heat-D. S. IvlathurHeat and T'hermodynamics-Brij Lal and Subramaniam
- S. Chand & Co.
Reference Book:
l.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Properties of nratter-Chanrpion & Davy-Blackie & Sons.
Propert;es of matter--Newman & Searle -Arnold.
A Trcatise on Heat
Saha & Srivastava
Indian Press.
Allehabad.
An Introduction to Thermodynamics ,- F. W. Sears.
Heat and Thermodynamics
Zemansky
McGraw Hill
-
Kogaksha.
-
-
SECOND YEAR
Paper II-Optics and Specfioscopy
Geometrical Oplics:
Thin lenses at a distance-achronratic combination of lenses at a
distance
Ramsdeats and Huyghens' eye
- piece. Defects of images
aod their-remedies.
Physical optics
,
light. Kerr cell method-Bergstrand
knowledge of det"rmination usind
Determination of velocity of
-determination.
Microwaves.
Elenaentary
'
of Light
Theory of interference, Couditions for iuterference. Fresnel's
bi prism interlerence fringes I-,Loyd"s single mirror-difference bctween
Lloyd's mirror and Bi-prism fringes. Shifi of fringes by introduction
of thin plates. Tbeory of colou,s of thin 6lms. Fringes of equal
iaclinatic,n-fringes of equal thickness
Newton's rings by reflection
glass p!ai6. of liquid by Newand refraction betwe en lens and plane ton's Rings-testing of opti:al flats - Non reflecting films (coated
Interference
lenses).
Interferonteters
Miohelson's interferometer-standardisation of the metre, Jamin's
interferometer for gases. Fabry-Perot interferometer fine struoture oi
rpectral lines (qualitative study),
7
Paschen mounting.
Frcsnel Diflraction. Half period zones - zone plate-Cornu's
spiral-Fresnel theory of diffractibn at straight edge, slit and wire.
Elementary ideas of optical rotation. Fresnelts explanation
Cornu,s frism. Fresnel,s riultiple prism. Polarimetry - Laurent's
plate and Bi-quartz.
Dispersion
Cauchy's and Hartmann's dispersion formula'Ele'
(Qua'
dls
(Lorentz) Anamalous dispersion
litativl study) Wood's-experiment. Constant .deviation
and
and spectr6lraph. Fluorescence and
antistokes'lines.
Rayleigh scattering and blue of tLe sky. and ocean-Rama-n cffect'
Disoersion
try theory
t
mentry
of-
dispersion
fxplanatioi on quaitum theory. Experimeltal study-, Normal'
Z;;;;"
effect
(Qualitative onlY)
ciassical thcory-Faraday effect and Stark effect
tromagnetic waves'Lecher wires.
Books for Studv:
I
2
A t6xt Bcok
of optics. Brijolal &
Principles of Optics, Matbur, B.
Books for Re ference:
K.
Subramalyan.
Niraj Prakashan.
Gopal Printing Press
and White' McGraw Hill
t FuiOrrentals of Optics
- Jenkins
Blackie'
Ditchbum
2 Optics.
t A; introduction to Modern Optics. Ajay Ghatak. Tata McGraw
Hill Pub.
Co.
I
THIRD YEAR
Paper
IIl -
Mechanics
oF
tial
ljthe
ncti
of
;
Newton,s
referenci,
l'Ti'",.i?El"
ethe
:?T
monrentum
momentum
.?,y,f,[:'
effect, co
and
and e
force in relativist
relation
co
les
between
transformation
of
-rn.ggy
,r,-Uioairg
3.
types
DyNeurrcs oF A pARr.rcLE
of forces, eleclric field intens
CoNsrRv,c,tloN oF ENERcy: Conservation laus,
- 4. cnergy
conrervstive
forceg,
function, poteniiai encrgy Gurve, non-conlcrvative
Iorces.
6.
energY
potentia
gravitat
7. Dyxlutcs
FTELDs:
cipte, potential
cha.rges.
and -sph
derivadio
oF RrcrD BoDrEs:
inertia, calcularion of moments of iriit
fly wheel, morion of a body rotting aow
.,ta
thc
He
rpnng.
ti6nit hiia ana
t!, of escape,
law.
on moment of
of regular *
shapee,
d pi#;.of liqu-id. in a U-tube,
to a hole borcd througF
mass.
is not
noglecte?,
articles conncctcd bY a
I
9.
AND FORCED HARMONIC OSCII,IATORS: DAMPiOS
quality factor,
drivon (roncuol harmonic oscillator, resonance, sharpness of
rosoDsnce, velocity resonaoce, power
absorption.
10. Wavr uortoN: g,:neral equation of wave motion, plane
progtessive harmonic wave, energy deosity for a plane progresrivo
wave, intensity'of wave. transverse rvave s in stretched strings, modes
of transverse vibration of strirrgs, Iongitudinal waves in rods,
longitudinal waves in gases, waves in a linear boundcd medium,
stationary waves, flow of energy in stationary waves, Fourierts
theorem-rquare wave and saw tocth curve, wave velocity and group
relccity.
D,C,MPTO
force, damped harmonio oscillator, powe!' dissipation,
Books
for
study
l. Physics-Part I
2. Mechanics
Books
for
Resnick
Holliday -Wiley Eastern Ltd.
J C. Upadhyaya-Ram
Reference
_.
Course.Vol-I
2. The Feynmaon Lectuges in
Physics
l.
Prasad and
Sons, Agra,
Mechanics-Berkelcy Physics
Kittel, Knight andTata M, Graw Hill.
Rudermann
Feynmann, Leighton and
BI Publications
Paper IV-Magnetism and Electricily
Magnetism
Magnetic dipole-intensity
of field at
a point due
to dipole-Forces
and couples between dipoles.
Magnetic potential--line integral of intensity of feld-potential
duc to (l) bar magnct (2) uniformly magnetised sphere (3) magnetic
shell
Work done in rotating a magnet in n 6alnetic field-tbeory of
vibration magnetometcr-use of the vibration magnetometer in
(t) comparing moments of two magnets (2) finding the moment of
the magnet (3) comparing tbe intensities of two magnetic 6elds.
Magnetic induction or flux density intensity of magnetisation. sus-
ceptibility, permeabi lity and relation connecting them- magn€temetr r
and Ballistic methods of determining permeability and susceptibilit,,
of magnetisation-Hysteresis- Molecular theory of magneti-cycle
sation-calculation of energy and analogy with electric circuitapplication in design of an electro-magnet.
Para-Dia-and Forromagnetism-Langevin's theory for diamagnctism. Domain theory of forromagnetism, Detcroiuation of
.lursoptibility-Guoy'r eod Quinckc't octhod,
i0
Electro-statisc
couloumb's law of force betwt:en electric charges-unit charge
pcrmittivity.
Elect
ti
y of fleld and
potenlial
e
ntial drie to
(]) Poin
ial surfaccsElectric d
J
ipole.
Electros
prate
and cvrindricar
-capacitors--pareilei
capacitors, e
ed calacitor, Lbss of .i,..gy o, ifru.ing of
charge. Ele
meter.
polarisation
. Theory of Di-electrics -Electric
-Displacement current-measur€ment of di-electric
constant-Di,electric
dary condition for refraction of lines of force,
Current Electricit)
sirength- Boun-
due to straight, Circular and
-Field
of rnrgnetic shell aird current circuit
due t,: circular currcnts-Theory of
magnetic
feld-Force
on
- dead-beat and Ballistic
and Coaxial coils carrying
balance.
Plec.tilcal _ bridges_-carey Foster Bridge-car lendar and Griffiths
Bridgo-Kelvin's Double Bridge.
Y.orying currenrs; Equations for growth and decay of current in LR
sircult-charge and dlicharge of i crpacitor rhroirgu i reririaoco*
11
measuremcnt of high resistance by lerkage method-charge and dis'
charge of a capacitor through a resistrnce and inductance-oscillatory
discharge.
in tl'e PrimalY of A. F' t;ansfirr
tic fields and theorY of the inCuct
s-Hot wire type, Moving irol
i
t
i
meter.
: Ilaxwcll's, An.lerson's and De Sauty bridges, Carcy
Foster'r mJthod for measuring L{uiual Inductance.
A. C. Bridses
studY:
Magnetism and Electricity-D. N. Vasudeva-S' Chand & Co.
Magnetism and Electriciiy-Brij Lal & Subramaniam-Ratan
Books
-
for
Books
for reference:
i.'
2,
l.2.
3
cir cuits.
Prakash Mandir, Agra.
Electricity and Magnt'tisrn-S- G. Starling-Longmanns
Principles of Electricity-Page & Adams-Eurasia Publishing
House, Delhi.
Electricity & Magnetism-Yarwood and Fewkes-Univ. Tutorial Press. Vols. I & 2.
13
Demodulators-Detection with
a diode tube-Triodc ar I
detectorcircuitr-hctercdyne
med (2) conditions to
ne set-Block Ciagram.
Principler of Radar
r
and Television.
Books
l.
2.
.
for sludy
Electronic Devices and their applications-Dr. P. N. Das-Oxford
and IBH publishing Co.
Physics and Radio-Nelkoo-Orient Longmanns-
lor refercnce:
Infroduciion to Elcctronics
Books
l.
2,
- KJM
Rao
-
Oxford and IBH publi'
shing Co.
Introduction to Electronics - Lano K. Brangon
of India (Pvt,) Ltd.
-
Prontice Hall
PAPER VI-MODERN PHYSICS
of electr
€
nisationc
between
I
us
f
collisioa.
Mcosur€'
rrentwith
applien potential Pagchen's Law nature and typo of disoharge.
Hydrog
sion of
Elastic
Energ
taking
ic coll
trum of ionised Helium. Exten-
t the finite mass of the nucleus.
lectrons with atom. Critical
poteotial. exeitation potential, ionisation pot€ntial. Measurement of
critical potentials, Fine structure of hydrogen lines. Elliptic orbtis
l4
fi
The
I
Nuctear
reactors Nuclear fusion Fusiol
bomb
The cyclotron. .
chrctron. Parti
a
a
hydrogen
,i:l;
tt'ff,;
reactions in stars.
: Linear accelerators.
The electron Syn-
ber, Wilson Cldud
Muller counter, Bubble chamber, Photographic
ic rqys. Discovery. Nature of cosmiC rays
ast West effect-Cosmic ray showers. Origin of
Description of Blementary particles.
Books
for Study
Modern Physics-Shegal, N. K. etc. Sultaa Chand. & Co.
- and Fcwkes-Univ.
Delhi Electricity acd Magnetism Yarwcod
Tutorial PressVols I and 2
Dooks
for
Reference
Moderc Physics-Richureyer and Kennard-Tata McGraw
Atrimic Physics-Rajam J. B.-S. Chand & Co.
Hill.
PHYSICS MAIN PRACTICALS
List of erperiments to be donc
I
Single Optic Lever
2
Young's modul.s by Uniform
3
4
5
-do-
bending
Young'l modulus by non-uniform
-do-
bending
pin and microscope
Optic levcr method
Pin and microscope
optic lever meth6d
l5
5
1
I
-
do-
Young's rnodri lus- eantilever
-do-
-de-
Doublc mimor method
Anglc between tang:nts
Depression-Pin
e
-do- -doDo-optic iJ*,'#JfiT3"
l0 Rigidity modulus-Static Torsion-Pointer method
ll
-do-do-Optic lever metbod
12 Tors'on pendulum
l3 Maxwell's needle
14 Y, N and -Learle's method
l5 Moment of Iaer
16 Surface Tension
lary rise method
17 Surface Tensiorr
aciof mercury--Quincke's method
heat of solid and liquid
?! Specific
25
Latent Heat of, fusion of ice26 Latent Heat of steam
27 Emissivity and Emissive power
28 Thermal conductivity of copper
29 Lee's disc
30 Ratio of specific heats of air
3l Melde's string
g2
Kundt's tube
33 Voiume Resenator
34 Falling plate
35 Mode constanls of a vibrating strip
36 Convex lens-Optical constants and Refractive index
37 Concavo lens-Optical constants aod Refractive index
38 Liquid lens
39 Magnifying power and Resolving power of a telescope
40 Spectrometer-Hollow prism
4l
42
43
4
45
46
47
48
49
50
5l
-do-do-do-do-do-.
-do-do-do-do-do-do-
-Dispersive
curve
power
-i-d
-Stokes'formula
-i-i'curveangled prism-normal incidence
-Small -doemergence
*Diffraction grating- --normal
normal incidence
-do-minimum deviation
constants-Cauchy's
Fringes
-Edser-Butler
biprism
-With
l6
Nowton's Rings
Fresnel's Biprism
Polarimeter
52
53
54
5s
56
57
58
59
60
6l
62
63
64
Deflectit>n magnetometer-Comparison of moments
Verification of inverse square law
Vibration magnetometer-Searlit -con parison of moments
-Box type -Co?nparison of moments
-do-do-
M and H in absolute units
Field a long axis of a coil -- by deflection of magnet
by vibration of magiet
-do-dodetermination of momeot of a magoet
Potentiometer -Measurement of current, R. F of TI G.
-do-do-
Measurement of resistance
Calibration of Voltmeter
larey Foster,s Bridge -Temperature coeffecient of resistanco
Mirror galvanometer
of merit
-Figure
68
Comparison of resistances
-do69
Convtrsion into ammeter and voltmcter
-do70 E. M. F. of a thermocouple
potentiometer
-using inirror galvanometer
7t
-do72 Ballistic Galvanometer -using
bf Capacities and
-Comparison
of e. m. f.'s.
73
Absolute capacity of a condenser
-do74
Internal resistanie ofcell
-do75
R. F, of T. G.
-do76
Ballistic constant using standard
-do65
66
67
77
condenser
BallisticGalvanometer -BallisticconstantusingHibbert's
standard
79
-do-do-
80
-do-
78
-do- Using solenoidal Inductor
Pole strength of magnet using
search coil
H. V-and Dip using Earth
Inductor
87 Static Characteristics of a transist
base
88
er
-do89 Current voltage characteristics of
90 Static characteristics of Junction transistor-common base9l
common emitter
-do-nductor
92 Low voltage power pack
diode
93 Hartley Oiscillator using
94 Colpitti's Oscillator usin
17
SYLLAI}US IN PHYSICS SUBSIDIARY FOR THE
B. Sc. DEGREE COURSE
The Course in Physics Suhsidiary shall be spread over two years
Tbere shall be two the.rry papers e ach of J hours duration and cne
practical examination of 3 bours The schenre of examination rr nd
distribution of marks shall be as follows:
Theory
Paper I-Mechanic", Properties
of matter and Heat
Paper
II-Ligbt,
Magnetism,
Duration Max. Morks
3 hrs. 60 marks First lcar
3
Electricity and Modern
hrs.
60 marks
Physrcs
Second
)ear
Prauical
One Practical Examination
Laboratory Records of Practical
Work done during the course
3
hrs.
20 marks
Total
-Pattern of question paper
natiun shall bc as follows.
60 marks
200 marks
for B Sc. Subsidiary tbeory Exrmi-
FIRST YEAR
Peper l-Mechanics, Properties of Matter end Heet
on momeot
momcnt of
ere and
cyli
I and perpendicular axis,
rod, annular ring, thiu
body rollrg down an
fly wheel.
Flight of a rockct, -application of coaservation of tincar momcntum, conservation of angular momentum-problems oo motion of
planets and tatellitcsr escapc velocity. Spacc flight {qualitative etudy)
High vacum-diffusion pump.
Surface teosion, ex@ss of pressure within spherical drops and
bubbles, surfacc tcnsion by drop weight method, Jaegerts method
Thermal cxpansion of crystals, inferference method, bomb calori-
tneter, Calorific value
of fuels. Nernst vacuum calorimeter
Bunsen's ice calorimeter, Bartoa's cooliag correction.
and
18
'
metbod, cr lin-
vation) Radiation
, Tempcration of
and Andrewts experiments,
proccss, equation to the
heats aod tho ratio of clasDesormc's method, critical
rtition of energy, atomic a,nd molecular
of hydrogen and helium adiabatic demag.
ucing very low temperaturcs.
cfficiency of Carnot
temperature, ioter.
ency(no derivation)
ti:
law
lr
netisation merb
eng
nal
cha
constants,
specr6c heats,
Paper
so
co
ca
I[-Light,
c.
SECOND PAPER
Magnetism, Electricity anrl Modern Physics
lIiJ,l
f,'"',*'H','TF'l' 8lii'ffi,li
ballistic-theory. Determination of
Direct current motor, flcld winding-series, shunt and compound
wioding-Back e. m. f. -Motor startei.
Elc;tromagnetic Induction rotatiog coil. self-inductance and
muturl inductance Eddy currents-gzlyalsmeter damping. A. C.
ge nerators-Tra n sformer-power tran smi ssion.
Thermionic emission-diode rectifier-metal rectifier-explanation
witb circuits.
t9
e/m a.d c-Thomson's and Millikan's experiments, photoclectric
eEcct and photo-electric relay, phctronic cell.
Transistor physics-electrons and holes
in semiconductors-P
and N typ:-junction diode, zener diode-NPN and PNP transistorscommon base and common emitter arraogement-simple transistor
amplifier and oscillator circuits-thermist:r and photo transistor.
Nuclear structure-discovery of protons and neutrons in the
nucleus-[sotopes-Bainbridge mass spectrometer-Einstein's massenergy relatioo stabi li ty of nuclei-artificial disintegration-cyclotronfission, nuclcar reactor, fusion and thermonuclear reaction.
Books
for
,study and Reference
Advaaced level Physics-Nelkon and Parker (Indian Edition)
University Physics Vols. I and II-Sears and Zemansky-Asia Publishing House Physics-Parts I and tl-Resnick and Halliday-Wilcy
Eastern.
PHYSICS SUBSIDIARY PRACTICAL
List of Experlments to be l)one
l. Thickness of glass plate by single optic I-evcr and Telescopc
2. Calibration of capillary tube.
3. Young's modulus by stretching
4. Momcnt of Inertia of flywheel
5. Surface Tension of liquid-capillary rise method
6 . CoeIEcien c of viscosity of liquids.
7. Coefficient of linear xplnlion-Optic Lever method
8. App rrent expaos ion of liquid-Pyknometer
9. S. V. P. by Jolly'r bulb method
10. Latent heat of fusion of ice
I l. Latent heat of steam
e
12. Meltrng point and Briling Point
13. Newton's law o[ cooling
14. Emissivity and Emissive Power
15. Lee's Disc
16. Thermal conductivity of glass
.
8.
l7
t
Thermal eonductivity of good conductor-Searle'g method
Ratio of specific heats of air
19, Convex lens-Optical constants and ref. index
20. Concave lens-Optical constants and ref. index
21. Liquid lens
22. Spectrometer - solid prrsm
hollow Pri:m
do.
23.
Disperstve power
do.
24.
Small angled prism-normal incidence
do.
25.
26. Spe:trometer-Diffraction grating-normal incidence
minimum dcviation
do.
do.
27.
20
28. Newton's Rings
Biprism
30. Polarimeter
3t. Deflection magoetometer-Comparison of moments
do.
32.
vsrificrtioo of inverse square law
33. Vibration magoetometer-Searlets type
34.
do.
Box type
M and H in absolute units
35
36. Field aloog the axis of a coil-by deflecricn of magnet
37. Field along the aris of a coil-by vibration of magnet
38. Field along the axis-dctermination of moment ofa magnet
39. Metre Bridge
40. P. O. Box
4t. E C, e. ofcopper
42. Joulc's calorimeter
43. Potentiometcr-Measurement of currcnt and R. F. of Tangent
Galur
29
44, do.
Measurer:rcut of rcsistance
45. do.
Celibration of Voltmeter
46. Tcmperature coeffecieut of resistance
47. Figure of merit of mirror galvanometer
48. Comparison of resistances usiog mirror galvaoometer
+-
PRINTED AT CALICUT UNIYERSITY
PRESS