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Essential Questions
• Describe the effects of the Crusades.
• What impact did Feudalism have on Europe?
• What were the political, economic, and social
effects of the Black Death?
The Middle Ages: 500 – 1500
The Medieval Period
Rise of the Middle
Ages
Decline of the Roman
Empire
Western Europe
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Justinian and the Byzantine
Empire
Strong Central
Government
Strong, well-trained
military with advanced
technology.
Justinian the Emperor of
the Byzantines codified
the laws.
Constantinople was the
new capital of the
Byzantine Empire
Gradually weakened by
constant battles with
Persia
Split in the Catholic Church
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In the West, the Pope was the
head of the Church
In the East, the Emperor of
Constantinople was the most
powerful church leader.
Byzantines differed from the
Western Christian Church on
issues of religious practices.
–
West
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–
East
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services in Latin
doesn’t believe in Icons
services in local languages
Believe in Icons
Christianity split into the
Roman Catholic Church and
the Eastern Orthodox Church.
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Ottoman Empire
After Justinian died,
the Empire was
threatened by
outside powers
including the Seljuk
Turks (the
Ottomans)
By the 1300’s the
Ottomans had,
captured
Constantinople and
ended the Byzantine
Empire.
• The Ottoman’s
Muslim beliefs were
later challenged by the
Crusades.
What were the Dark Ages?
After the decline of the Roman Empire:
Barbarian tribes ruled Europe
– Art and Learning declined
The Clergy
Religious officials had different ranks within the church structure
Vikings Attack
invaders who would attack by sea, raid and plunder, then be
quickly out to sea again.
• Vikings – Germanic people called Norsemen
• From Scandinavia
• Worshipped warlike gods
Feudalism
Think of a chess set
Relationship Between
Lords and Vassals
 Lord – The person in charge of the land
 Vassal- provided military service to the
Lord in return for land.
 The relationship between lords and
vassals made up a big part of the political
and social structure of the feudal system
 Vassals had certain duties to perform for
the lord
 All nobles were ultimately vassals of the
king.
CONSTRUCTING THE
PYRAMID OF POWER
CONSTRUCTING THE
PYRAMID OF POWER
LESSER NOBLES
(KNIGHTS)
LABOR
PROTECTION
SERFS
CONSTRUCTING THE
PYRAMID OF POWER
LORDS
LAND AND
PROTECTION
LOYALTY AND
MILITARY SERVICE
LESSER NOBLES
(KNIGHTS)
LABOR
PROTECTION
SERFS
CONSTRUCTING THE
PYRAMID OF POWER
KING
LAND
LOYALTY AND
SERVICE
LORDS
LAND AND
PROTECTION
LOYALTY AND
MILITARY SERVICE
LESSER NOBLES
(KNIGHTS)
LABOR
PROTECTION
SERFS
Workers on the Manor ( Fiefdom)
• There were peasant workers on the
manor
• Serfs – workers bound to the land by
contract with the nobles. (They had no
freedom - they where the noble’s
property.)
Feudalism
Manors
The lords estate –
 The lord
provided the serfs
with housing,
farmland and
protection
 Serfs tended
the lands, cared
for the animals,
maintained the
estate
Peasants rarely
traveled more than
25 miles from the
manor
Was home to 15
– 30 families
Self-Sufficient
community
 Peasants heavily
taxed, including a
tithe – a
church tax of
1/10 their
income
Feudalism
Manors
Fief
land in exchange for service
Same thing was happening in Japan
• A war between two clans lead to a
clear leader, Yoritomo, became the
first Shogun.
– supreme general of the Emperors
Army.
• Surrounded himself with Samurai
(one who serves).
• Each warrior lived by a code called
“Bushido”
• After different losses, the Shogun
lost money.
• Individual samurai chose to
support their local lords for land in
return for service…Feudalism.
Feudal Japan
Religious leader
with no real power
Noble in the
warrior class and the
leader of the Military
Emperor
Shogun
Samurai
Ronin
Peasant
Merchant
Members of the
warrior class and
loyal to the Shoguns
paid soldiers whose
loyalty was with the
leader they defended
at the time.
Farmers and fishermen
made up 90%
of the population
sold goods and produce
made by others. They
produced nothing of value
A violent society
Noble’s constantly fought each other
 Defend estates
 Seize new territories
 Increased wealth
 Kept Europe fragmented
 Glorification of warriors, became superstars
The Age of Chivalry
 The mounted Knights were the most important
part of an Army
 Professional solders – main obligation was to
serve in battle
 Rewarded with land
 Devoted lives to war
The Age of Chivalry
 Chivalry – a complex set of ideals, demanded that a knight
fight bravely in defense of three masters
1. His feudal Lord
2. His Heavenly Lord
3. His Queen
 Meant to protect the
weak and the poor
 Be loyal, brave, and
courteous
Is Chivalry around today?
The Age of Chivalry
Sons of nobles began training at an early age for
knighthood
 Page – at 7 they were sent to another lord
to be trained
 Squire – at 14 they act as a servant to a
knight
 Knight- at 21 they become a knight and
gain experience in local wars and tournaments
The Age of Chivalry
Tournaments – mock battles that combined recreation and
combat training
Fierce and bloody competitions
Castles and Keeps
Stone castles were encircled by
massive walls and guard
towers
 Home to lord and lady,
their family, knights
solders, and servants
 A fortress of defense
Castles and Keeps
Crusades
• military expeditions by the
Christians to recover the Holy
Land from the Muslims
Consequences:
– the Holy Land remained in
Muslim control
– religious intolerance
– trade increased
– decrease in Popes power
– increase in Kings power
Magna Carta
• document signed
by King John of
England in 1215
• 1st document to
limit the power of
a king in Medieval
Europe
• guaranteed certain
rights to citizens
major developments of the Late Middle Ages
The Hundred Years War
•
Fought between the French and English for the
French throne
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Massively destructive
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Gun powder and heavy artillery
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Joan of Arc, a French peasant, helped change
the course of the war
France is victorious over England
Famines
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Population doubled
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Climate became colder and rainier
•
Harvests shrank
Plague
• Biotic- disease spread by fleas and rats
(living organisms)
• also called the Black Plague or Bubonic
Plague
• killed 1/3 of Europe’s population
• helped bring about the end of feudalism:
– workers were in higher demand
– more people moved to cities
The Culprits
The Symptoms
Bulbous
Septicemic Form:
almost 100%
mortality rate.
From the Toggenburg Bible, 1411
Lancing a Buboe
Medieval Art & the Plague
Bring out your dead!
Attempts to Stop the Plague
A Doctor’s
Robe
“Leeching”
The Mortality Rate
35% - 70%
25,000,000 dead !!!