Download BASIC HUMAN NEEDS

BASIC HUMAN NEEDS
Unit two
BASIC HUMAN NEEDS

OBJECTIVES:
– Describe basic human needs/physical,
emotional, spiritual
– Identify Developmental tasks associated
with the aging process
– Discuss age related conditions
– Discuss general characteristics of aging
– Discuss cultural diversity/ individuality
Describe Basic Human Needs

Basic Human needs
are needs all
persons have.
However individuals
meet these needs in
different ways.
Most residents in
long term facilities
will need some
assistance to meet
their basic needs.
Ways to assist Residents with
Physical Needs

Food
– making meal time as
pleasant as possible
– assist resident to
eat, feed resident
when possible
– prepare foods such
as cutting meats,
opening cartons

Oxygen/Air
– elevate HOB for
resident with
breathing problems
or SOB
– position in bed and
chairs to allow lung
expansion
– assist resident to
ambulate
– assist nurse with
oxygen therapy.
Meeting Resident Physical
needs

Water:
– Offer fluids
frequently
– keep water
containers within
reach
– Keep water fresh,
other liquids at
correct
temperatures.

Elimination:
– Assist resident in
toileting needs
– provide privacy
– be matter of fact in
response to
incontinent residents
Meeting Physical Needs

Rest:
– Assist in preparation
for sleep
– recognize changes in
patterns for sleep

Activity and Exercise
– Encourage ROM in
ADL’s
– ambulate, transfer
and move properly
– Encourage activity

Stimulation
– Encourage resident
to participate in
activities
– Encourage residents
to talk and listen
carefully
– Do not isolate
resident. Place in
area where they can
observe activity.
Meeting Physical needs

Sexuality
– Encourage use of
male/female
clothing, cosmetics,
hair styles to
maintain sexual
identity.
– Provide privacy to
couples expressing
intimacy needs,
knock before
entering
– Respond
appropriately to
resident who is
masturbating, (take
resident to room,
don’t shame or be
judgmental.
Ways to Assist Resident with
Safety and Security Needs

Safety
– Keep area safe and
free of hazards
– Show residents how
to do activities safely
– keep call light within
reach
– know how to do
tasks
– be alert to safety.
Use TB and brakes

Security
– respect residents
belongings
– orient resident to
new surroundings
– reassure resident
– welcome family and
friends
– provide privacy,
knock on doors
Ways to Assist Love and
Belonging Needs

Caring about someone
– listen to resident, encourage talk of past
– show interest in residents family
– encourage contact with other residents
– read social histories in resident charts
– some residents may have significant others
who are not family members
– take time with resident, pay attention
Love and Belonging Needs

Being cared about
– Show interest in resident
– touch residents in a kind and gentle
manner
– be kind and friendly to visitors
– inform family and residents of activities
offered
– be patient and understanding
– treat residents as you would like to be
treated
Ways to Meet Self Esteem
Needs

Sense of Identity
– call resident by preferred name
– include resident and family in discussions
concerning resident care
– give and respect choices made by residents
– respect differences in culture, heredity,
interests and values
Meeting Self- Esteem Needs

Feeling Important, worthwhile
– praise accomplishments of residents
– acknowledge residents at all times
– respect resident property
– talk to resident as an adult
– encourage resident to do as much as abble
for themselves
– Give residents simple responsibilities and
tasks to feel important
Meeting Self- Actualization
Needs

The extra’s in life
– encourage hobbies
– praise accomplishments and strengths

Spirituality
– respect religious beliefs
– provide privacy for clergy visit.
– Handle with care religious symbols
– refer clergy requests to Nurse in Charge
Describe Developmental Tasks

Theorists suggest that as one matures
from infancy to old age, persons pass
through several stages. During each
stage developmental tasks must be
accomplished in order to mature in a
healthy way. Developmental tasks are
social, emotional, and psychological
growth experiences.
Growth & Development
Occurs in an orderly pattern simple to
complex.
 Is continuous from infancy to adult
 Affects all body parts
 Rate varies from person to person
 Is a total process that affects people,
physically, mentally, emotionally,
spiritually.

Early adulthood
developmental tasks

Age frame is from about late teens to
thirty
– establish personal and economic
independence
– forming a support group of friends and
others
– developing work skills/career
– making a commitment in a relationship
– establishing a family
– managing optimal healthy lifestyles
Middle Adulthood tasks

Age frame from about the thirties to the
mid sixties
– expand personal and social involvement
and responsibility
– adjusting to physiological and emotion
changes
– reaching and maintaining job satisfaction/
preparing for retirement
– observing maturation of children
– managing chronic health conditions
Late Adulthood Tasks

Age time frame from
mid sixties to death.
Aging is influenced
by heredity,
nutrition, exercise,
lifestyle choices such
as smoking, and life
long adjustments to
change.
Young-Old Tasks

Age frame 65-74 years
– If healthy may not experience ages from
middle years
– beginning social and emotional
adjustments to decreasing physical
strengths and changes in body such as
vision and hearing limitations
– adjusting to retirement with loss of job
related activities
– adjusting to changing family roles with
Middle Old and Old- Old

Middle old, 75-84
– Adjusting to more
chronic conditions,
such as arthritis
– adjusting to losses of
abilities to drive car
– losses of friends and
siblings
– need to accept life’s
experiences

Old-Old, 85 and
older
– Accept physical
limitations and
dependence on
others
– acceptance of losses
(deaths and
activities)
– acceptance to
alternate living
conditions, such as
Age Related Conditions

Aging is a gradual
process/ not illness
– Most residents have
experienced some
age related changes
or illness since late
40’s or early 50’s.
– Due to gradual
changes and
adaptations most
conditions are not
considered problems
– After age 75 elderly
average at least 5
chronic conditions
that limit some
activities.
Describe Normal Aging

Integumentary
System
– Skin, hair, nails,
sweat and oil glands

Occurring changes
– Skin becomes
fragile,tears easily,
loss of fatty tissue
– hair thins and grays
– nails thicken and
harden
– less oil and
perspiration
produced
Describe Normal Aging

Integumentary
System
– Skin, hair, nails,
sweat and oil glands

Occurring changes
– Skin becomes
fragile,tears easily,
loss of fatty tissue
– hair thins and grays
– nails thicken and
harden
– less oil and
perspiration
produced
Integumentary system

Results
– skin is less resistant
to injury
– skin bruises easily
– skin is drier
– skin is slow to heal
– body temperature
regulation is difficult
– decreased sensations
occur

Nursing Assistant
responsibilities:
– use lotion and other
skin care products
– prevent pressure
areas and other
injuries
– select appropriate
clothing
Musculo-Skeletal (bones and
muscles)

Changes
– bones become
porous and brittle
– muscles reduce in
size
– joints and ligaments
become less flexible

Results
– muscles lose
strength
– fractures occur
– Range of Motion is
decreased

NAR responsibilities
– encourage exercise
and good nutrition
– balance activity and
rest
Digestive (Stomach and
Intestines)

Changes
– Slowing down of
system
– decrease in taste
– saliva reduced
– teeth missing (poor
fitting denture)

Results
– decrease in appetite
– difficulty chewing
and swallowing
– constipation

NAR responsibilities:
– watch for choking
– encourage fluids,
small bites, and to
eat slower
Circulatory (Heart -blood
vessels)

Changes
– heart does not pump
as effectively
– blood vessels
become less elastic
– heart disease is
common in elderly

Results
– tires easily
– elevated blood
pressure
– dizzy when changing
positions

NAR responsibilities
– provide rest times
– encourage exercise
– change positions
Respiratory

Changes

– decreased exchange
of oxygen and
carbon dioxide
– lungs lose elasticity
– cough reflex is weak
Results
– deep breathing more
difficult
– susceptible to
infections
– tires easily and SOB

NAR Responsibilities
– pace activities
– prevent infections
Urinary ( Kidney - bladder)

Changes
– kidney function
reduced
– bladder elasticity
lessened
– females have stress
incontinence
– males have prostate
enlargement

Results
– susceptible to UTI’s
– more urgent need to
void
– difficulty and
incontinence in
voiding

NAR responsibilities
– encourage fluids
– follow B&B program
– good peri care
Nervous System

Changes
– nerve cells decrease
in number
– blood flow to brain is
decreased
– diseases may cause
abnormalities and
personality changes

Results
– slower reaction to
stimuli
– forgetfulness

NAR responsibilities
– Provide adequate
time to complete
activities
– be alert to safety
needs
Sensory (eyes and ears)

Changes

– gradual slowing
down of all senses
– tears and earwax
reduced
Results
– reduced vision and
hearing
– eyes dry, irritated
– impacted ear wax
– problems with glare

NAR responsibilities
– speak clear, slowly
– face resident
– be alert to safety
Digestive (Stomach and
Intestines)

Changes
– Slowing down of
system
– decrease in taste
– saliva reduced
– teeth missing (poor
fitting denture)

Results
– decrease in appetite
– difficulty chewing
and swallowing
– constipation

NAR responsibilities:
– watch for choking
– encourage fluids,
small bites, and to
eat slower
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Changes:
Females: Menstrual cycles ceases, vaginal
wall become thinner and drier
Males: scrotum is less firm, prostate gland
may enlarge.
NAR responsibility: Clean Perineums, watch
for signs of infections.
Endocrine system (glands)

Changes:
– Less insulin produced, may result in
diabetes
– Weight gain/loss
– Increased feeling of nervousness

Nar’s should report any behavior or
physical changes to nurse.
Describe Needs of Family

Definition of Family:
– Two or more people have chosen to live
together and share interest, roles,
resources commitment and love.

Family emotions include, anxiety, fear,
sadness, anger, relief, confusion
ROLE of NAR

Nursing assistants need to acknowledge
family members, have a non
judgmental attitude, be patient, be
sensitive, quietly listen, include family
when appropriate in cares. BE
PLEASANT!!!
RESPECT CULTURAL DIVERSITY
CLAS stands for culturally and
linguistically appropriate services.
 Developed in 2000 by the Dept of
health and human services.
 Clas focuses on health care
organizations, and also standards for
how health care should be delivered.

Personal guidelines
Think about your personal belief system
 Examine how personal culture
influences your own behavior
 Don’t stereotype
 Ask patients about their culture
 Attend staff development activities and
develop cultural awareness.

Cultural influences

Personal space
– Some cultures will not permit members of
the opposite sex to provide cares
– Some prefer distance during cares

Gestures/ eye contact
– Gestures may have different meanings
– Eye contact may be offensive
Cultural Influences

Pain:
– Some demonstrate pain by being very
emotional
– Some view displays of pain as being weak

Personal hygiene:
– Bathing may not be done routinely/ or may
be very frequent
– Women may not want body hair removed
Cultural influences

Clothing:
– Men may cover their heads
– Women may cover their heads and only have face
and hands in view

Health Practices:
– May want cultural remedies
– May want herbs, spices, teas or wraps
– Check to see if this interferes with treatment
Common Characteristics of
Normal Aging

There are many
myths about aging.
A myth is an
unproven idea or
belief such as “old
people can’t learn”.
Facts about Aging
Aging is a natural process, begins at
birth
 basic needs of the elderly are the same
as any age group
 Individuals age at different rates
 aging process is influenced by lifestyle,
nutrition, wellness, mental and
emotional health
 Most elderly live healthy, independent

Aging Facts
Most elderly have satisfying
relationships with family and friends
 Most elderly enjoy retirement
 Many elderly are involved in community
and volunteer work
 Many elderly have a deep sense of
spirituality and feeling of peace
 Aging does not occur at a certain age

Home Health Aide
Unit Two
Basic Human Needs
Basic Human Needs

Objectives:
– Discuss Life Span Growth and Development
– Discuss Family Dynamics
– Define Family Stress
Growth and Development

Growth:
– Refers to physical
changes in the body
– growth begins at
conception and
continues to full
physical maturity
– Physical changes in
adulthood are
influences by
nutrition, lifestyle,
etc.

Development:
– Refers to social,
emotional, and
psychological
changes that occur
throughout life.
– It’s influenced by life
experiences,
individual behavior
– Moves from simple to
complex.
Family

A family is a group of people tied
together by common interests and
concern about the well being and needs
of members. “Traditional Family” usually
refers to a married man and women
and children. Today there are many
family units containing single parents,
extended families, and groups of
unrelated friends.
Family Dynamics

The way individuals
in a family relate to
and interact with
each other is known
as family dynamics
– Each family has
individual needs.
– Families have their
own rules related to
how they operate as
a group.
– Each person has a
role in the group, or
several roles.
– Usually roles are
learned from older
family members.
There may not be a
role model for
healthy development
– In a stressed family
children may have an
adult role.
Home Health Aide


HHA’s need to be
aware of family
dynamics and how it
affects the client.
Some family
dynamics may not
feel comfortable for
you. Discuss your
feelings with your
supervisor.
Define Family Stress

Family Stress occurs when one or more
events or behaviors affects the normal
functioning of the family. Some events
might include:
– Chemical dependency/ substance abuse
– Loss of income due to illness or
termination. This effects living
arrangements, nutritional need, insurance
coverage, self esteem, everyday activities.
Child Abuse

Child abuse is any
act that causes
harm or pain to
someone who is less
then 18 years old.
– Harm can be
physical, emotional,
or sexual.
– Includes situations
that pose a risk for
harm
Chronic Illnesses

Chronic illnesses are
those diseases that
last for a long time,
often the remainder
of life.
– Places stress on
entire family due to
loss of role in family
unit
– Often places financial
stress.
Developmental Disabilities

Any condition which interferes with
normal growth and development is a
disability.
– May interfere with the way a person
speaks, learns, or completes ADL’s
– Usually as a result of heredity, or birth
injury. (cerebral palsy, fetal alcohol,MR.)
– Places stress on family due to health care
costs and special services needed.
Children's Response to Family
Stress


Children may not
get adequate
attention and
support for normal
growth and
development.
Child may withdraw
or have untypical
behaviors.

Child fears and
anxiety will depend
on age. They may
think a parent will
leave or never get
better.
Untypical Behaviors




Child may become
over dependent on
others and
demanding
May not follow
normal routines,
such as nap time.
Regresses to earlier
stage.(incontinent)
Physical complaints