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Journal of Asian Scientific Research, 2014, 4(11): 690-703
Journal of Asian Scientific Research
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CRITIZM RATIONALE OF A. HASSAN BANGIL IN VALIDITY ON HADITH
Zainuddin MZ
Fakultas Ushuluddin dan Filsafat - UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya, Jl. A Yani Wonocolo Surabaya, East Java,
Indonesia
ABSTRACT
During the time, hadiths are always subordinated position, so that when the its-dzahir contrary
with Al-Qur’an, then the reasonable (hujjah) of this hadith immediately aborted.Consequently, not
a few hadiths which have been graded authentic by the scholars (shahih) should be impeached (can
not be used as proof/ hujjah). The real, shahih hadith has not contradicted to the Qur'an, hadith is
explanatory of the Qur'an. However, interpreting of hadith is not easy. There are differences
among ulama of hadith which is caused by the differences of manhaj (mindset). A. Hasan Bangil or
A.Hasan, that his rationale is adopted by most of ulama in Indonesia offers some criterions, when a
hadith can be used as hujjah (reasonable for adjustment) or not. However, author does not agree
with some hadiths which is determined dhaif by A. Hassan. Therefore, in this paper, author tries to
explain: First, his biography especially with his background relating to get knowledge. Second,
how manhaj is used in determining the degree of validation of hadith. Third, how his rationale can
be criticized so seem positive and negative sides and some example hadiths where a contradiction
is happen. This paper aims to contribute academically about how ulama determine the degree of
validation of hadith, and can be used as a reference for those researchers who active researching
on the validity of hadiths.
© 2014 AESS Publications. All Rights Reserved.
Keywords: A. Hasan, Validity method of hadiths, Dhaif hadith.
Contribution/ Originality
This paper contributes for academically about how ulama determine the degree of validation of
hadith, and can be used as a reference for those researchers who active researching on the validity
of a hadith.
1. INTRODUCTION
Researcher of hadith often confused by double assessment of hadith, below some researcher, a
hadith is shahih (valid) however the others said that hadith is dhaif (weak). There are differences
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among ulama of hadith which is caused by the differences of manhaj (mindset) above. In addition,
determination of hadith‟s validation is belonging to ijtihad (think hardly) area. For a simple
example, a Hadith telling about suggestion for fasting on Monday and Thursday is shahih based on
some ulama, however not for the others. In affection, this hadith can be a reason for someone to do
fasting on Monday and Thursday or not. They reject this hadith as a source of law to do fasting
because this hadith is dhaif, even, they categorized do fasting on Monday and Thursday as bid’ah
(doing something that no recommendation either in al-Qur‟an nor al-Hadith).
An expert of hadith from Indonesia who acts has a power to determine the degree of validation
of hadith is A. Hassan Bangil. He offers some criterions, when a hadith can be used as hujjah
(reasonable for adjustment) or not. His rationale is much known well among ulama in Indonesia,
especially in a circle of religion‟s reformation. This is caused by following: First, his writing is
very clever and basic simple as match as necessary of society. Second, his hobby to get knowledge
more passes through on debate. Third, he is diligent, autodidacts study never tiring. Forth his books
are written in Indonesian, well known and understanding by communities, therefore is predictable
that his book is adopted by most of ulama in Indonesia via a lot of media such as magazines.
Along with the cadre program by sending expert of hadith to Middle East countries for Islamic
studies, then began a shift in mindset of his cadres, especially after A. Hassan‟s death. As concrete
example, some of his mindset has opposed by his son its self (A. Qodir and friends). This can be
observed in his monumentally book, translation of Bulughul Maram. For example, Hadith number
1344 about prohibition of the fanged beasts of the wild animals, with A.Hasan‟s manhaj was used;
he rejects the validation of that hadith but not his son.
Departing from the above facts, there are very much issues underlying of the rationale of A.
Hassan: Whether the educational background which is influenced by his parents, or his teachers,
whether his rationale is influenced by those books which he had studied, how far his reference
which is used as examples, or his experiences while debating with his friends, or his ability to
autodidact on Islamic study, or other historicity which has very closely related to his mindset. This
paper does not explore the various aspects above, but limited to a few cases closely related to the
study of hadith. Therefore, this paper is focused on the following things: First, how his biography
especially with his background relating to get knowledge. Second, how manhaj is used in
determining the degree of validation of hadith. Third, how his rationale can be criticized so seem
positive and negative sides.
2. BIOGRAPHY OF A. HASSAN
Talking about rationale of someone absolutely couldn‟t be separated from social background
such as how a figure is living and rising. So that, to understanding about the mindset of A. Hassan,
database about his lives, especially about scientific matters is needed.
2.1. Biography of A. Hassan
A. Hassan, an extension from Ahmad Hassan, his real name is Hassan ibn Ahmad. He was
born at Singapore, 1887. His father‟s name is Ahmad, a trader, writer and famous journalist at
Singapore. While his mother, Muznah from Palekat, Madras India and still had its origin from
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Egypt. In a commercial environment and his father journalism, he was born and raised. His father
hoped he became a writer like himself thus he was giving the best education to him.
A. Hassan is an intelligent and diligent, so that in just two years he can complete Al-Qur‟an
study and the basics of religious knowledge. After that, he went to Malay school and learn Arabic,
Malay, Tamil and English for four years. Unfortunately, he did not get to finish primary school. At
the age of 12 years, while he was working on his uncle's tavern, A. Hassan studied at Muhammad
Thaib (famous teacher at Minto Road / Kampung Rokoh), Sa'id al-Abdullah al-Manusili Munawi,
Abdul Latif (famous teacher in Malacca and Singapore), H. Hassan (syaikh of Malabar) and Shaikh
Ibrahim India. All these learning were done up to he reach 23 years old.
2.2. Joinning PERSIS
In the 1920s, A. Hassan joined Persis. At that time, he was 33-year-old. Through Persis, the
name A. Hassan is widely known as a steadfast Muslim thinkers yelled attitude purify Islam by
returning to the Qur'an and Hadith, invited ijtihad and abandon taklid (following whatever opinion
without well-understanding) and bid’ah. He has a progressive religious mindset which he
expressed in a straightforward and accurate arguments so can influence on the Islamic reform
movement in Indonesia significantly.
2.3. Hassan and Qadyaniyah
In the book "Riwayat Hidup A. Hassan", H. Tamar A. Djaja tells debate of A.Hassan with a
leader of Ahmadiyah. It said that in the 1930s, A. Hassan argued with the leader of Ahmadiyah,
Abubakar Ayub.
Once in that time, A. Hassan argued 'hadith': On the day of the Prophet died, the earth was
screaming, he said: Oh Allah, if my body will be empty and trampled by the legs of the Prophet
until the Day of Resurrection? Then God said to the earth: I will make over your body like a man
whose heart Prophets.
Abubakar Ayub asks the history of that hadith. Then, A. Hassan answered, he did not know.
He added: Are master like this hadith? If likes, please use, if not, please reject. Abubakar Ayub
rejected the hadith which is argued by A. Hassan, because it was unclear who the narrators and
what of the books that hadith is written. At that time, Ahmadiyah followers were cheered, feeling
proud that their leader would win the debate in a short time. They thought A. Hassan could not
explain the history of that hadith. After that, A. Hassan made a surprise. He said that that hadith
was found in the book of Mirza "Tuhfah Baghdad". Instantly, Ahmadiyah followers got silent.
A. Hassan was asked to the Ahmadiayah‟s Prophet (Mirza) about the history and from where
that hadith was taken. Please asked anyway, how an earth can talk to humans, because it is not a
hadith original from the Prophet's (Muhammad). Considering the earth cry out after Muhammad
died. So firmly A. Hassan, of course there were others who heard the talking of the earth and the
God's answer. A Hasan urged to ask the Prophet Mirza, Who are them?.
Abubakar Ayub had the total lost, because he could not refute the argument of A. Hassan.
HoweverAbubakarAyub still dodged by saying that the hadith can be found in the book "Kanzul
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Ummi" whose Ahmadiyah‟s handbook, however, he weakened himself, admitted to not bring the
book so it could not be seen. Then both Ayub and the other followers of Mirza were pale.
2.4. Hassan, Pastor and Secular Thinker
Defenders of Islam, led by A. Hassan also been challenged openly debate the Father JJ Tan
Berge. This priest of the Jesuit‟s Society insulted the Prophet of the Muslims through his writings
in 1931 by the Journal of Studien. Mohammad Natsir, activists of Persis who are also students of
A. Hassan countered harassment by Pastor Tan Berge in writing published in the Islamic Defenders
Magazine, No.33 of 1931.
Natsir stated: Behold, we, Muslims, too enough listening and let all kinds of attacks on Islam.
There are subtle ways and rough ways; from politicians such as Snouck Hurgronje, until the
Protestant Christian Kraemer and Ds. Christoffels; from murakkab (un-education) groups Tai Bee
Oei up to Kristen Catholic Ten Berge, not to mention his disciples and Catholic Protestant
politicians who called themselves the 'Neutral religion'. Natsir called people who at that time was
involved in the abuse of Islam, such as Snouck Hurgronje, Reverend Hendrik Kraemer,
Christoffels, Oei Bee Tai, and the secular nationalist activists as the 'Neutral religion' who became
disciples of the Islam‟s insult.
In the past, secular activists who sat as a member of Jong Java or later Boedi Oetomo, mentors
have people like Snouck Hurgronje, Pastor Kraemer, and others. When affluence of the insult to
Islam, A. Hassan had advised to Datuk Sati Alimin, figures from the Minangkabau who is also a
friend of Mohammad Natsir. To Datuk Alimin, A. Hassan said: When the master heard about Islam
denigrated in front of master, then at that time also master had to think quickly, master is Muslims
or not? If master was not a Muslim, ignorant, that's it. There's no problem anymore. But if master
was a Muslim, then master should think the second half: Who else would defend Islam at a time
like that except master? Then get up, Islam must be defense!
A. Criticism Hassan against secular understanding on Soekarno can be seen in the book "Islam
dan Kebangasaan", a phenomenal work of A. Hassan criticized the nationalist-secular groups at
that time. A. Hassan explicitly rejects democracy and secularism. He was asked about what the
different Islamic government and democracy, between these two, which one is better?
Heard the question A. Hassan replied: Government in democracy or popular sovereignty based
solely on the will of the people. If people want to lawful adultery, allowing the production of
alcoholic beverages, and so on, should undoubtedly. Meanwhile, according to Islam, which
remains haram is haram (not allowed by Allah); were makruh (doing something is ok but it is better
for avoid it) is still makruh, and that remains sunnah (doing something is better than not) is sunnah.
Sovereignty of the people prevails in matters outside of the proficiency level. In the government by
way of Islam, adultery cannot be a normal case, whereas the genuine democratic system of
government, which haram could be halal, duties can be haram, as long desired by the people. From
here, it can know which one is better, said Ahmad Hassan.
A firmness idea A. Hassan in the fight Islamic syariah (rules/ recommendation based on AlQur‟an and or Al-Hadiths) to become the foundation of rule in government also appears in the
controversy idea with Soekarno. Soekarno wanted the separation of religion from government
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structures as well as reflect on Swiss law and secularism Turkey, however, this view was denied by
a number of Islamic leaders, including A. Hassan and M. Natsir who both of them no calls for
efforts to separate religion from government affairs. According to A. Hassan, Islam has a perfect
universal value that is not owned by a number of other religions.
Of this controversy, A. Hassan also provided an explanation of the terms in choosing the
president, following: First, a leader must be Muslims from itself community, as stated in the Qs.
Ali Imran: 118-119, Qs. al-Tawbah: 8, Qs. al-Maidah: 57. Second, a president should be of men
based upon the information Qs. al-Nisa ': 34, Qs. al-Nahl: 43 and Hr. Bukhari containing: There
will be no victorious who handed over the affairs of a country (leadership) to women. Third, have
professionalism. In this case affirmed by the Holy Prophet.: If a business is not handed over to the
expert then wait while destruction (Bukhari).
2.5. His Works
Dozens of books on religion issues especially fiqih (laws), tafsir (interpretations), and theology
has been published and is widely used as a reference by ulama in Indonesia. His first book, tafsir
Al-Fur'qan, received widespread acclaim in the community. In addition, He and M. Natsir
published magazines “Pembela Islam” and “al-Lisan”. Thanks to all his ability through writing and
oral argument, the name A. Hassan became famous not only in Indonesia but also in Malaysia and
Singapore. In a book written by Michael Feener, Muslim Legal Thought in Modern Indonesia,
called A. Hassan as a driver for the emergence of a voluntary organization, opening up educational
opportunities, also encouraged the publication of the print media. He also encourages the birth and
development of new community schools for Islamic thinker.
Among of his work are as follows: (1) Tafsir Al-Quran, Al-Furqan, (2) Soal-Jawab tentang
Berbagai Masalah Agama,; (3) Kitab Pengajaran Shalat; (4) Terjemah Bulughul Maram; (5) A.B.D.
Politik; (6) Adakah Tuhan?; (7) Al-Burhan; (8) Al-Fara'id; (9) Al-Hidayah; (10) Al-Hikam; (11)
Al-Iman; (12) Al-Jawahir; (13) Al-Manasik; (14) Al-Madzhab; (15) Al-Mukhtar; (16) AlNubuwwah; (19) Apa Dia Islam?; (20) Aqaid; (21) Al-Tauhid; (22) Bacaan Sembahyang; (23)
Belajar Membaca Huruf Arab; (24) Bibel lawan Bibel; (25) Debat Kebangsaan; (26) Debat Luar
Biasa; (27) Debat Riba; (28) Debat Taklid; (29) Debat Talqin; (30) Dosa-dosaYesus; (31) First
Step; (32) Hafalan; (33) Hai Cucuku; (34) Hai Putriku; (35) Halalkah Bermadzhab?; (36) Is
Muhammad a Prophet?; (37) Isa danAgamanya, (38). Isa Disalib?; (39) Isra' Mi'raj; (40) Kamus
Persamaan; (41) Kamus Rampaian; (42) Kesopanan Islam; (43) Kesopanan Tinggi; (44) Ketuhanan
Yesus; (45) Kitab Riba; (46) Kitab Tajwid; (47) Matan Aljrumiyah; (48) Merebut Kekuasaan; (49)
Muhammad Rasul; (50) Nahwu; (51) PedomanTahajji; (52) Pemerintahan Islam; (52)
PengajaranShalat; (53) Pepatah; (54) Perempuan Islam; (55) Qaidah Ibtidaiyah; (56) Ringkasan
Islam; (57) Risalah Ahmadiyah; (58) Risalah Hajji; (59) Risalah Jum'at; (60) Risalah Kudung; (61)
Special Diction; (62) Surat Yasin; (63) Syair; (64) Talqien; (65) Tertawa; (66) Topeng Dajjal; (67)
Wajibkah Zakat?; and (68) What is Islam.
A.Hassan successes to provide a strong understanding of the religious even given develop
many potential ulama. Moehammad Natsir is a lucky person who got intellectual ability from Agus
Salim and religious study from A. Hassan. The result, Moehammad Natsir has held various
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important positions, such as Chairman of the Leadership Center Persis, Chairman of the Islamic
Party of Indonesia Bandung while the Dutch colonial period, DPP Chairman Masyumi Party, Prime
Minister of the Republic of Indonesia, Chairman of the Board of Da'wah Islamiyah Indonesia
(DDII), beside his position as Vice President Mu'tamar Al-Alam Al-Islami and Assembly members
Ta'sisi Rabithah Al-Alam Al-Islami.
Besides Moehammad Natsir, religious figures and politicians who had become his disciples, is
KH M. Isa Anshary ever become Chairman of Just Leadership Center (1948-1960); Masyumi
Chairman of West Java and DPP Masyumi members. Moehammad Natsir and Isa Anshary in the
political views are the opposite of Sukarno, who had also been studied to A. Hassan in religious
issues. Similarly, K.H.E. Abdurrahman, the leader of Pesantren Persis Bandung, Chairman of
Leadership Center (1962-1983) and also caregivers magazine Al-Taqwa is a student of A. Hassan.
He went on to manage pesantren in Bandung since A. Hassan abandoned Persis Bandung and
moved to Bangil in 1941.
Among the other students who later became a great ulama and led the large pesantren, is
Ustadz Abdul Qadir Hassan, the eldest son of A. Hassan, who led the pesantren Persis Bangil,
caregivers magazine al-Muslim Ulama Council, and also had become chairman of Persis; KHO
Qomaruddin Saleh, the vice chairman of the central leadership of Persis; KHM Rusyad Nurdin, a
lecture at several universities, famous ulama, and was once the vice chairman of the central
leadership of Persis and Chairman of West Java representatives DDII; Fakhroeddin al-Khahiri,
great ulama comrade Moehammad Natsir at the time when studied to A. Hassan, and many more
ulama in the area that became teachers and activists in various Islamic organizations, especially the
students of the first batch Persis who are pioneer and driving force of the establishment of AlQuran and Sunnah in their place of origin.
In addition, there are some comrades of A. Hassan in upholding the Qur'an and Sunnah,
besides being a friend dialogue A. Hassan, received many ideas from A. Hassan. They are
Moenawar Chalil (Semarang), KH Imam Ghazali (Jamsaran Solo), Prof. Dr. T. M. Hasbi AshShiddieqy (Yogyakarta), Abdullah Ahmad (Jakarta), M. Ali Hamidy (Jakarta), Abdul Hakim H.
Zainuddin Hamidy (Minangkabau) and others.
3. RATIONALE OF A. HASSAN ABOUT STUDY OF HADITH
As the explanation biography of A. Hassan above, he was born from the intellect family. His
father is an author of scientific works. His father encourages him to follow in his footsteps. It is a
major factor formation of figure A. Hassan. Moreover, the internal factors supported himself who
never tiring to study Islam. His work is quite a lot, showing prowess A. Hassan in the scientific
aspects, it turns out he was not only proficient in the knowledge of worship, but also in various
other knowledge, such as sociology and even inter-religious knowledge. Moreover the various
debate that is not recorded.
Rationale of A. Hasan is often considered to be aggressive, extreme and puritanical. It is caused
by literalist understanding. It is very clear on matters relating to worship, especially worship of
mahdlah (unmodified), he completely rejects anything that smells of bid’ah.
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Broadly points of his rationale are as following: First, ijtihad should refer to the Al-Qur'an and
authentic hadith only. The implication is marginalization of ulama‟s fatwa, especially if the referral
nash (text) is unknown or contrary to the texts. However itjihad can refer to ulama‟s fatwa if it is
reasonable and responsible. Second, He against taqlid (following opinions without knowing the
reasons or arguments), but allows ittiba' which is follows a clear argumentation (dalil) and
recognized its truth. Third, he is holding lafaz (words) more clearer (dzahir/ real) in concluding the
law. Similar to the Shafi'i al-Dzahiry who cling to dzahir nash and refused takwil (interpretation).
Fourth, he criticizes hadith on editorial aspects (matan) and narration. The criticism of matan is the
hadith must not conflict with the Al-Quran and mutawatir hadith or higher degrees validates. While
criticism of the narration over to criticism about how that hadith is pried and who the narrator is
(naqd al-Rijal). Fifth, reject ijma' (agreement among ulama). According his research no single
verse that commands accept ijma'. He believes only Al-Qur‟an and Hadith as sources of laws,
therefore the man-made laws cannot be one of the sources of law, although it has been agreed by
people.
Despite, author does not get the work of A. Hassan which specific study at hadith and its
musthalah. author gets specifics thought of A. Hassan about the study hadith from introduction of
Bulughul Maram translation book, and a variety of his knowledge in his other book, particularly,
“Tanya Jawab Tentang Berbagai Masalah Agama”, which is among the answer, he explained his
mindset, especially when explaining the validity of a hadith. According to the formulation of the
problem in this paper, the author only limiting mindset A. Hassan, how he determine a hadith is
dhaif which is often opposite with rationale of the other ulama.
In the introduction of the article Bulughul Maram [1] section-27, A. Hassan explained how the
hadith is shahih. Hadith is shahih if it is narrated as referred in section-6 with additional conditions,
such as following:
First, there is information that the narrator of A as mentioned in section-2, have met and
received hadith from narrators B, as well as B, C, D, E, F and G up to the Prophet. Second, the
narrator is on legal age and Moslems. Third, that hadith does not contradict with the other hadith
which is more authentic, especially not against Al-Qur'an. Fourth, that hadith has no defects, such
as explain in section-18.
Then in section-6 which is intended as outlined A. Hassan is following: Each narrators are: (1)
Not known as a liar; (2) There is no accused of being a liar, (3) Not a lot of harm, (4) Not less
careful; (5) Do not wicked; (6) Not doubtful; (7) No expert heresy (8) Not less material to be
memorize; (9) There is no often violation to others of the strong narrators; (10) known well
(famous narrators who have given testimony of two contemporaries).[2]
Then in section-18 which is described by A. Hassan is as follows:
Ma'lul hadith or mu'allal hadith or mu'tal (hadith having defect) is hadith that there is a hidden
defect, after carefully examined, that is not a disability described in section-6, but aside from that,
the defects is hard or not known, except by experts of hadith.[2]
From the above explanation can be understood that the methodology of which is used by A.
Hassan to determine hadith as hujjah (basic law) is quite tight. First, not enough between the
narrators was evidence by "the possibility of an encounter with a student and teacher of narration"
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as like required by most of (jumhur) ulama of hadith, but must has requirements of "proven
encounter and narration pupil to the teacher". This is the requirement that formerly offered by
imam Bukhari. Therefore a shahih hadith assessment by jumhur ulama is not necessarily shahih by
A. Hassan. Second, hadith that has conflicting with a more valid/strong hadith has become manhaj
of ulama in general. That hadith called hadith al-shadz, whereas the hadith narrated from more
valid/strong narrators called hadith al-Mahfudz. It is exactly as described A. Hassan on section-22
about hadith al-Mahfudzand al-shadz. [2] However, A. Hassan adds a requirement "especially not
contrary to the Al-Quran". This addition needs to criticize further. Because in view of the ulama
hadith, impossible contradiction between hadith and Al-Qur‟an is happen. Therefore, if there is
hadith that "seems" to contradict the Al-Quran, should be a compromise, not a confrontation so that
any argument can be understood in proportion.
In the hadith translation Bulughul Maram, hadith number: 1344 as follows:
.‫ فَأ َ َكهَُّ َح َرا ٌو َر َٔاُِ ُي ْسهِ ٌى‬,‫اع‬
ٍ ‫ ُك ِّم ِر٘ ََا‬:‫ّ ٔسهى قَا َل‬ٛ‫ صهٗ هللا عه‬ِّٙ ِ‫ هللا عُّ ع ٍَْ اَنَُّث‬ٙ‫ َرجَ رض‬ْٚ ‫ ُْ َر‬ِٙ‫ع ٍَْ أَت‬
ِ َ‫ب ِي ٍْ اَن ِّسث‬
Narrated by Abu Hurairah, The Prophet said: Every animal fangs of wild animals, then the law
is haram (Hr. Muslim [3])
At this hadith A. Hassan gives the following explanation: According to the hadith narrated by
Abu Hurairah, that the Muhammad forbids (haram) eating beasts have sharp teeth at the front,
called fangs. According to the history of Ibn Abbas that Muhammad prohibits (makruh) to eat it,
and the history of the Ibn Abbas no additional editorial "and every bird that grabbed (carnivore
birds)".
According to the Al-Qur'an in al-Baqarah-173, al-Nakhl-115, al-Maidah-3, and al-An'am-145,
that foods are haram only four, namely carcass, blood, pork and anything slaughtered not because
of Allah. According to al-An'am-119 explained that Allah had been detailing what is haram to
humans, which means no other food that is haram except those four too.
Therefore, beast having fang, carnivore birds, donkeys and other which appear in hadith is
forbidden by the Prophet then that hadith understood correctly, as consequence, the word of Allah
says "no haram than four" was a lie, but Allah may not lie, and of course the Prophet is impossible
to forbid what has been permitted by Allah.
Therefore, It had confirmed that Muhammad prohibits only, not forbid. The prohibition was
understood is only makruh. If the prohibition of the Prophet was taken on the meaning of makruh,
then there will be no conflict between Al-Qur'an and Hadith. That means, these verses do not
forbid, as the hadith is prohibition (makruh).
If anyone asks, why the editorial of hadith there are using editorial „forbid‟? Then the answer
is, in fact the Prophet only prohibits eating fanged beasts of the wild animals, but other friend (Abu
Hurairah) understands that the prohibition is understood as forbidden, then he narrated with the
editor, forbid, while another friend (ibn Abbas) understands that it is not haram, then he redacted
the hadith prohibit, not forbid.
In the hadith translation Bulughul Maram, hadith number: 1346 as follows:
َّ َ ‫ َََٓٗ َرسُٕ ُل‬:‫ هللا عُّ قَا َل‬ٙ‫َٔع ٍَْ َجاتِ ٍر رض‬
ٌ َ‫ ِم ُيتَّف‬ْٛ ‫ُٕو اَ ْن َخ‬
‫ق‬
ِ ‫ نُح‬ِٙ‫ َٔ ْأ َر ٌْ ف‬,‫َّ ِح‬ِٛ‫ُٕو اَ ْن ُح ًُ ِر اَ ْْلَ ْْه‬
ِ ‫ثَ َر ع ٍَْ نُح‬ْٛ ‫َْٕ َو َخ‬ٚ ‫ّ ٔسهى‬ٛ‫هللاِ صهٗ هللا عه‬
.ِّ ْٛ َ‫َعه‬
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Narrated by Jabir ra, The Holy Prophet on the day of the battle of Khaibar forbade people
eating donkey meat, and the Holy Prophet allowed consuming horse meat. Hr. Muttafaq 'alaihi.
At this hadith A. Hassan gave the following explanation: Donkey is not included in the four
things forbidden by Allah in the Qur'an, as well as explanations on hadiths number 1344 and 1345.
Some ulama argue that the forbidden is only because Muhammad feels worried about the
destruction of animal transport goods indispensable in warfare, and Muhammad allows horse
slaughter, because the horse is less necessary than the donkey.
In Islamic government, it allows to forbid people to eat beef or buffalo, if the feared extinction
of animals for managing field which is the source of food people. The reason forbid like that is
something called "Tahrimmu'aqqat" (a temporary prohibition), not "Tahrimmu'abbad" (prohibition
for all time). Further explanation please examine the hadith number 15, there are very important
explanation.[2]
More explanation of A. Hassan about the hadith of the Prophet: Permitted for us two types of
carcasses and two types of blood. The carcasses are two types of grasshoppers and fish, and that
meant two types of blood are liver and heart. Hr. Ahmad [4] and ibn Mājah [5], and there are
disadvantages to this explanation. At this hadith, A. Hassan gave the following explanation: The
15th hadith has weakness in the sanad (transmission hadiths), therefore cannot be used as hujjah.
He explain that among the fish that has blood flowing when injured or killed, and no for others, two
types of that carcass fish is halal based on the first hadith "Abu Hurairah narrated., The Holy
Prophet said: The sea water is clean, and its carcass is halal ", and with a history that explains the
reason that Muhammad ate large fish in seashore that have been obtained by the friends of its
conditions has become a carcass. However, neither does on grasshoppers.
Among the animals, there were bloody flowing, and others are not, such as grasshoppers, frogs
and alike. Already understood, that the animals were bloody flowing, it should be slaughtered, but
no explanation for animals that do not have bloody flowing. If the fish carcasses that its blood
flows can be consumed without slaughter, then, for carcasses animals which do not have bloody
flowing, why not?
And also understandable, that Muhammad never eat meat baked or cooked, as well as the
fruits, and have understood that meat and fruit also contains vermin, pests or others not visible by
eyes, and among those it's certainly had died because contact with sunlight, fire or hot water,
meaning Muhammad has eaten the carcasses of that animals without slaughtered.
Thus, there is no reason to consume carcasses of animals that have no blood flow. It could be
that there are some people who said: Muhammad had been consuming small pests because it does
not look or does not know. Then the answer is actually very able Muhammad knows little pests
with revelation from Allah, and there is no doubt that Allah aware of any small pests that are
attached to the flesh and the fruit are eaten by the Prophet and Allah not forbid. Finally it can be
concluded, carcasses that are forbidden in the Qur'an is the carcasses of animals that have blood
flowing.
From the above explanation can be understood that the methodology of A. Hassan determine
all hadith which appears to conflict with the Quran, even if it he consented, His interprets is takwil,
from haram be prohibitation, or blame an understanding friend who should be prohibit be forbid.
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This is consistent with the exposure criteria to argue with him in the hadith, not quite with the five
requirements that proclaimed by ulama hadith, but must be added the following: First, let
information that the narrator of A as mentioned in section-2, had met and received hadith from
narrators B, as well as B, C, D, E, F and G up to the Prophet. Second, let the narrator on legal age
and Moslems. Third, it is that which is authentic hadith does not contradict the hadith is more
authentic, especially not against the Qur'an. Fourth, let hadith that has no defects vague, such as the
exposure to section-18. [2]
4. CRITISM RATIONALE A. HASSAN
In the case of eating of fanged beast from wild animals, has been described by A. Hassan. The
first hadith is a hadith mentioned in the translation Bulughul Maram number: 1344 as follows: Abu
Hurairah narrated., The Prophet. said: Every animal fangs of wild animals, then the law is haram.
(Hr. Muslim [3]).
In this issue, there were some related editorial about eating of fanged beast from wild animal
meat, others are use a clear editorial, the Holy Prophet said "Haram" eating beasts, others are using
"Makruh/Prohibit", and the others are using "Mubah/Does not justify". The following details was
described.
4.1. Editorial Prophet Said Haram
Hadith the Prophet editorial said "haram" eating of beasts related by (a) Abu Hurairah, (b)
Ghalib ibn Abjar, and (c) Abu Tsa'labahal-Khusyani.
4.1.1. Hadith of Abu Hurairah ra.
Hadith the Prophet forbids editorial eating of beast narrated by Abu Hurairah ra., Issued by
Muslim [3], hadith number: 5101, Nasāīy [6], hadith number 4335 and 4341 , Baihaqi in al-Sughra
[7], hadith number 4225, Nasāīy in al-Kubra [8], hadits number 4836 , Baihaqi [7], hadits number
19837, Baihaqi in al-Kubra [1], hadits number 19140 , and Ahmad [4], hadits number 7425, with a
variety of editors isfollow:
. ‫اع فَأ َ ْكهُُّ َح َرا ٌو‬
ٍ ‫ ُكمُّ ِرٖ ََا‬:‫ال‬
َ َ‫ّ ٔسهى ق‬ٛ‫ َرجَ َع ٍِ انَُّثِ ِّٗ صهٗ هللا عه‬ْٚ ‫ع ٍَْ أَتِٗ ُْ َر‬
ِ َ‫ب ِيٍَ ان ِّسث‬
Narrated by Abu Hurairah, The Prophet said: Every animal fangs of wild animals, then the
law is haram
4.1.2. Hadith of Ghalib ibn Abjar ra.
Hadith the Prophet forbid eating of beast narrated by Ghalib ibn Abjar ra., Issued by Abū
Dāwūd [9], hadith number 3811, with the following editorial:
ْ ُ‫َٗ ٌء أ‬
َّ ‫َٗ ٌء ِي ٍْ ُح ًُ ٍر َٔقَ ْذ َكاٌَ َرسُٕ ُل‬
‫ّ ٔسهى‬ٛ‫هللاِ صهٗ هللا عه‬
ْ ‫ط ِع ُى أَ ْْهِٗ إِالَّ ش‬
ْ ‫َ ُك ٍْ فِٗ َيانِٗ ش‬ٚ ‫صاتَ ْتَُا َسَُحٌ فَهَ ْى‬
َ َ‫ة ْت ٍِ أَ ْت َج َر قَا َل أ‬
ِ ِ‫ع ٍَْ غَان‬
... ‫َّ ِح‬ِٛ‫َح َّر َو نُحُٕ َو ْان ُح ًُ ِر اْلَ ْْه‬
Narrated by Ghalib ibn Abjar.: One time we were hit by famine, and I do not have any
slightest treasure gave to my family, whereas the Prophet has haram to consume local
donkey …
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Journal of Asian Scientific Research, 2014, 4(11): 690-703
4.1.3. Hadith of Abu Tsa'labah ra.
Another hadith narrated by Abu Tsa'labah ra., Issued by Ahmad [4], hadith number 18207, and
18220 with the following editorial:
َّ ‫ّ ٔسهى أَََُّّ قَا َل َح َّر َو َرسُٕ ُل‬ٛ‫هللاِ صهٗ هللا عه‬
َّ ‫ة َرسُٕ ِل‬
‫َّ ِح َٔ َنحْ َى‬ٛ‫ّ ٔسهى نُحُٕ َو ْان ُح ًُ ِر اْلَ ْْ ِه‬ٛ‫هللاِ صهٗ هللا عه‬
َ ِّٗ ُِ‫ع ٍَْ أَتِٗ ثَ ْعهَثَحَ ْان ُخ َش‬
ِ ‫اح‬
ِ ‫ص‬
.‫اع‬
ٍ ‫ُك ِّم ِرٖ ََا‬
ِ َ‫ب ِيٍَ ان ِّسث‬
Narrated by Abu Tsa'labah al-Khusyani ra.: The Prophet has forbidden local donkey meat
and meat from every fanged beast of the wild animals.
From the above explanation can be understood that the editorial forbid expressly in terms of
eating meat from wild animals not only narrated by Abu Hurairah, but also by other companions,
like Ghalib ibn Abjar and Abu Tsa'labahal-Khusyani.
4.2. Editorial Prophet Said Makruh
Hadith with the editorial, the Prophet said "Makruh/prohibit" eating of beasts, related by (a)
Ibn Abbas ra., (b) Khalid ibn Walid, (c) Irbadh ibn Sariyah
4.2.1. Hadith of Ibn Abbas ra.
Hadith with the editorial, the Prophet said "Prohibit" eating of beasts, is narrated by Ibn Abbas,
issued by Muslim [3], hadith number: 5103, Abū Dāwūd [9], number: 3807, Nasāīy [6], Hadith
number: 4359, ibn Mājah [5], number: 3356, Ahmad [4], number: 1267, Baihaqi [10], number:
18766, Daraqutni [11], number: 3095, Abu Ya'la in al-Musnad [12], among of which are:
َّ ‫س قَا َل َََٓٗ َرسُٕ ُل‬
.‫ ِْر‬َّٛ‫ة ِيٍَ انط‬
ٍ َ‫ب ِيٍَ ان ِّسثَاعِ َٔع ٍَْ ُك ِّم ِرٖ ِي ْخه‬
ٍ ‫ّ ٔسهى ع ٍَْ ُك ِّم ِرٖ ََا‬ٛ‫هللاِ صهٗ هللا عه‬
ٍ ‫َع ٍِ ا ْت ٍِ َعثَّا‬
Narrated by Ibn 'Abbas: The Prophet prohibits consuming any animal fangs of wild animals
and birds are grabbed (carnivore birds).
4.2.2. Hadith of Khalid ibn Walid ra
Another hadith narrated by Khalid ibn Walid, issued by Abū Dāwūd [9], hadith number: 3792,
ibn Mājah [5], hadith number: 3319, with the following:
َّ ‫ ِذ أَ ٌَّ َرسُٕ َل‬ِٛ‫ع ٍَْ خَانِ ِذ ْت ٍِ ْان َٕن‬
ٍَ‫ب ِي‬
ٍ ‫ َٔ ُك ِّم ِرٖ ََا‬-ُ‫ َٕج‬ْٛ ‫زَا َد َح‬- ‫ر‬ٛ
ِ ‫ّ ٔسهى َََٓٗ ع ٍَْ أَ ْك ِم نُح‬ٛ‫هللاِ صهٗ هللا عه‬
ِ ًِ ‫ ِم َٔ ْانثِغَا ِل َٔ ْان َح‬ْٛ َ‫ُٕو ْانخ‬
.‫اع‬
ِ َ‫ان ِّسث‬
Narrated by Khalid ibn Walid ra: The Prophet prohibiting local donkey meat, bighal and small,
(in narration of Haiwah no additional editor) and the meat of any animal fanged beast types.
4.2.3. Hadith of Irbadh ibn Sariyah ra.
Another hadith related by Irbadhibn Sariyah ra, issued Turmūdziy [13], hadith number: 1548,
with the wording:
َّ ‫َٓا أَ ٌَّ َرسُٕ َل‬ِٛ‫َحَ ع ٍَْ أَت‬ٚ‫ار‬
ُ ُْ ِ‫ثَحَ ت‬ٛ‫أُ ُّو َح ِث‬
ِ ُِ ‫ب ِيٍَ ان َّسث‬
ٍ ‫ُٕو ُك ِّم ِرٖ ََا‬
ِ ‫ثَ َر ع ٍَْ نُح‬ْٛ ‫َْٕ َو َخ‬ٚ َََٗٓ ‫ّ ٔسهى‬ٛ‫هللاِ صهٗ هللا عه‬
ِ ‫اض َُْٔ َٕ اتٍُْ َس‬
ِ َ‫ت ْان ِعرْ ت‬
‫ ِْر‬َّٛ‫ة ِيٍَ انط‬
ٍ َ‫َٔع ٍَْ ُك ِّم ِرٖ ِي ْخه‬
Narrated by Irbadh ibn Sariyah ra., The Prophet prohibit eating meat from animals whose
fangs of wild animals and birds are grabbed.
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4.3. Editorial Prophet Said Mubah
Hadith the Prophet editorial "Mubah/does not justify" eating meat beast narrated by Abu
Tsa'labah ra. issued Nasāīy [6], Hadith number: 4343, Ahmad [4], hadith number: 18213 with the
following editorial:
َّ ‫ع ٍَْ أَتِٗ ثَ ْعهَثَحَ قَا َل قَا َل َرسُٕ ُل‬
.ُ‫ب َٔالَ ت َِحمُّ ْان ًُجْ ثَّ ًَح‬
ٍ ‫اع ُكمُّ ِرٖ ََا‬
ِ َ‫َ ِحمُّ ِيٍَ ان ِّسث‬ٚ َ‫ الَ تَ ِحمُّ انُُّ ْٓثَٗ َٔال‬:‫ّ ٔسهى‬ٛ‫هللاِ صهٗ هللا عه‬
Narrated by Abu Tsa'labah ra., The Prophet. said: It is not halal al-nuhba (striking), not halal
all fanged beasts, and not halal animals used for target practice.
4.4. Fiqh Sunnah
There are three friends, namely (a) Abu Hurairah, (b) Ghalib ibn Abjar, and (c) Abu
Tsa'labahal-Khusyani, who redacted expressly that the Prophet. forbid people to eat meat from
animals that fanged beast types, and their narration is a hadith qauli (direct verbal statement of
Prophet.), of course they are very careful in quoting what that related by the Prophet,alike by the
Prophet said: Blessed are those who hear the words from me then narrated like what they hear from
me. Depart from the advice of the Prophet, then the friends attempt to report sayings of the Prophet.
whether the utterance was judged rational or irrational. Later on what is considered the irrational,
ultimately proved to be rational, as like as Holy Prophet said: If a fly goes into your drinking water,
then drowned, and then get rid of, because there is disease in the wings, while the other wing
contained the antidote. Similarly, the hadith about the Isra 'and Mi'raj and others hadiths.All of
hadiths narrated by the companions as like what that related by the Prophet. Then the statement,
every fanged beast of wild animals is haram, of course this part of what is believed to be that
related by the Prophet, Not the ijtihad of the Companions of the Prophet. This is exacerbated by the
Abu Tsa'labah narration that states "not halal for us meat animal fangs of wild animals", this
editorial can be believed to come from Prophet saying, Not lie or results ijtihad of the
Companions.Therefore others transmission of companions, namely (a) Ibn Abbas ra., (b) Khalid
ibn Walid, and (c) Irbadh ibn Sariyah with the editorial, Prophet prohibits eating meat from animals
whose fangs of wild animals" are also believed to have come from an oral Prophet. So that the
meaning of "forbid" is leading to "haram", not "makruh" or the like.
It is reassuring that the meaning of prohibition referred to in narration (a) Ibn Abbas ra., (B)
Khalid ibn Walid, and (c) Irbadh ibn Sariyah is narration of Abu Tsa'labah, that he asked the
Prophet. about what is permissible and what is forbidden anyway, and by the Prophet. answered:
Do not eat the fanged beasts of the wild animals. This Nash clearly shows the forbidden is haram.
A. Hassan considers that the emergence of the editorial "The Prophet forbade the fanged beasts
of the wild animals" is the result of ijtihad of the Companions, then no doubt that their ijtihad (the
Companions, salafu shalih (the previous generation)) is closer to the truth than his ijtihad. Because
they are the heirs of generations of scientific prophet, who understand the Sunnah than later
generations.
Difficulty A. Hassan rooted against this hadith, because his-manhaj which said that the hadith
contrary to the Quran can not be practiced, no matter how real authentic hadith. It can be seen from
his writings as follows:
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Journal of Asian Scientific Research, 2014, 4(11): 690-703
According to the hadith narrated by Abu Hurayrah, that the Prophet. forbids eating beasts
have sharp teeth at the front, called cloves or fangs. According to the history of Ibn Abbas
that the Prophet. forbid, eat it, and the history of the Abbas ibn no additional editorial "and
every bird that grabbed". According to the Qur'an in al-Baqarah-173, al-Nakhl-115, alMaidah-3, and al-An'am-145 that foods prohibited only four, namely carcass , blood, pork
and anything slaughtered not because of Allah. And according to al-An'am-119 explained
that Allah had been detailing what is forbidden to humans, which means no other food that
is forbidden except those four. The beast having fang, carnivore birds, donkeys and other
which is showed in some hadiths understood correctly that haram for exactly. Meanwhile,
the word of Allah that says "no haram than four" was a lie, but Allah impossible for lie,
and off course not the Prophet. Who dare to forbid what has been permitted by Allah.
Thus, had confirmed that the Prophet. prohibits only, not forbid, because the prohibition
was understood only makruh. If the prohibition of the Prophet. were taken on the meaning
makruh, then there will be no conflict between the Qur'anand the Holy Prophet. If anyone
asks, if so, why editorial hadith the Prophet. using editorial forbid? Then the answer is, in
fact the Prophet. only prohibits eating fanged beasts of the wild animals, but some of the
Companions (Abu Hurayrah) understands that the prohibition is understood as forbidden,
then he (Abu Huraira) narrated that the Prophet with the editor. haram, while another
friend (ibn Abbas) understands not haram, then he redacted the Prophet. prohibit, forbid
not [2].
Though the hadith prohibition was not at all contrary to the Qur'an, if the word of Allah
"innama harrama" was not meant "only the forbidden", because "innama" could mean "real", so
that the letter "mim" meant "ziyadah" or additional. Allah has forbidden four kinds of authority
contained in Al-Baqarah: 173 which means: Verily Allah has forbade for you carrion, blood, pork,
and animals (when slaughtered) called (name) besides Allah ... Then the Prophet. also has authority
forbids others. Therefore the two texts is not a contradiction at all. Interpretation of "innama" may
not mean "only" so that others can deny disputed prohibition in others verses because Allah forbid
turns ten kinds of animals, as His word:
Forbidden to you (take) (1) carrion, (2) blood, (3) pork, (4) the meat of animals slaughtered in
the name of other than Allah, (5) the animals were suffocated, (6) the animals were hit, (7) animal
falls, (8) animals headlong, (9) what was torn beasts, except that you could kill it, and (10) animals
slaughtered for idols. (Al-Maidah: 3). No matter how the animals initially in halal principle, but
because the gifts have no right, then animals are forbidden for consumption. The interesting thing
about the ten types of animals which are forbidden are the animals that initially halal, but because
the results are haram after torn by beast, then what about the beast who ate him? With this way of
thinking as the many hadiths that seemingly contradict the Qur'an can be combined, if not, then it
will displace many authentic hadith which seems to contradict the Qur'an. Supposedly if this hadith
is authentic, must be believed to be part of the revelation, and revelation fellow unlikely event of
collision, there is only how to understand the hadith it so it does not conflict with the Qur'an. So no
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Journal of Asian Scientific Research, 2014, 4(11): 690-703
sooner judge a hadith should not be practiced (eventhough authentic), simply because its-dhahir
contradiction with the Qur'an.
5. CONCLUSIONS
Interpretation hadith,forbidden fanged beasts of the wild animal species have been sharih
(clearly) is forbidden by the Prophet because that hadith is paradox with the Quran, the hadith
means that they can be practiced, but the real,that shahih hadith has not contradict to the Qur'an.
During the time, this hadith is always subordinated position, so that when the its-dzahir contrary,
then the reasonable (hujjah) of this hadith immediately aborted.Consequently, not a few hadiths
which have been graded authentic by the scholars should be impeached (can not be used as proof/
hujjah).
The duty of every Muslim to position the hadith as a revelation, so if it happens as if the clash
had compromised carefully, because it is essentially, impossible revelation overlap each other.If I
may say, every Muslim need hadithvery much, someone can not master of the Quran, but if he
mastered the hadith, God willing, he survived, because the hadith is explanatory to the Qur'an.
*****
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[3]
Naisābūriy and Muhammad ibn Hajjāj al, Shahīh muslim. Beirut: DārIhyā‟ Turāth„Arabiy.
[4]
Syaibāniy and Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Hanbal al, Musnad Ahmad. Mesir: Wizārah al-„Auqāf
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[5]
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