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Unit 1 Georgia: Something For Everyone Geography vs. Geology Geography: Describes the Earth The RELATIONSHIP between humans and their environment. “The study of Earth as a home for Man!” Geology: Study of the Earth • The study of the origin, characteristics, location of non-living materials which make up the Earth. Why do we need HISTORY? Geography helps us interpret the past, understand the present, and predict the future. • Georgia’s history is a timeline of human reactions to their physical surroundings! “The Fall Line” Examples of Geography HUMAN Historical Political Social Cultural Urban Demography: Race, Religion, Age, Sex, Economics… Economics Physical Cartography Soil Hydrology Water Oceanography Climatology Maps Weather, Climate Biogeography Economics Georgia Facts Western and Northern Hemispheres North America (Continent) United States (Country) Southeast (Region) Georgia (State) • “Empire State of the South” Cherokee (County) Canton (Town) Address Sectionalism: • • • • Neighborhoods Physical/Cultural Global/Geographic Mason-Dixon Line Named after surveyors • Deep South/Confederacy Reasons for Settlement Pre-historic Indians and the Europeans found Georgia attractive for the following reasons: Mild weather Abundant natural resources (p. 31) Various land areas Rivers and ports Latitude and Longitude Latitude: measures distance north and south of Equator; lines stretch east—west. Longitude: measures distance east and west of the Prime Meridian; lines stretch north—south. p. 4 thru 9 Georgia Facts #2 Largest state EAST of the Mississippi River 21st largest state U.S. Highest Point: Brasstown Bald Lowest Point: Coastline 159 Counties • Largest—Ware • Smallest—Clarke • Center—Twiggs North: Tennessee and North Carolina South: Florida and St. Mary’s River East: Atlantic Ocean, South Carolina, and Savannah River West: Alabama, Chattahoochee River 5 Regions of Georgia Also known as Physiographic Regions Appalachian Plateau • Cumberland, Lookout Blue Ridge Ridge and Valley Piedmont Coastal Plain Blue Ridge Highest and largest group of mountains in Georgia Acts as a barrier to keep warm, moist from the gulf causing precipitation Rain, sleet, snow, hail Landmarks: • Tallulah Gorge • Helen • Brasstown Bald Beginning of Appalachian Trail Apples, corn, vegetables, and hardwood timber Appalachian Plateau Smallest region TAG Corner Tennessee Alabama Georgia Hardwood forest, pastures for livestock, corn and soybean. Only known source of coal in Georgia. Most scenic but least traveled Ridge and Valley Low open valleys and narrow ridges ”Wrinkles” Flat fertile farmlands • Harwood forest and pastures The textile industry Industrial: textile and carpet manufacturing DALTON: “Carpet Capital of the World” Piedmont Cherokee County/Atlanta Gently sloping and rolling hills “Foot of the Mountains” Georgia “Red Clay” Over 50% of the states population Business and Industry Encompasses 30% of state’s area Cotton, soybean, wheat, beef and dairy cattle, chicken… Atlanta skyline…The Capitol Coastal Plains Largest region (60%) • Inner (Northern) Agricultural Vidalia Upland Dougherty Plain Peanuts, peaches, pecans • Outer (Southern) Coastal Swamp/Marsh Okefenokee Swamp Barrier Islands: • “Golden Isles” • Protect beaches Continental Shelf: Protects our coast from hurricanes Coastal Plains II Prehistoric ocean extended to the Fall Line • Fossils of shark teeth, whale bones and various ocean life found in Coastal Plains 75 miles from coast line inland is known as “The Pine Barrens” • Hardly anything except pine trees grows in this region! Swamps rivers, streams, estuaries, and islands. • Slow, meandering, widening rivers • Tidal rivers along coastline…saltwater and freshwater share areas during the tides as far as 10 miles inland. Coastal wetlands…Okeefenokee Swamp • Glynn County’s wetlands inspired poet Sydney Lanier to write “The Marshes of the Glynn” The Fall Line Important to development of Georgia Natural boundary that separates the Piedmont from the Coastal region Settlers were forced to stop by steep falls Waterfalls and fast running rivers excellent source of power Columbus, Macon, Augusta…”CMA Awards” Georgia Waterways Atlantic Ocean Inter-coastal Waterway: • Method of boat travel along the Eastern coast of the United States. Rivers: • Chattahoochee • Savannah Lakes: • Allatoona • Sidney Lanier (Poet) Atlantic Ocean The pirates using Georgia’s coast A little more than 100 miles of coastline Industry: fishing, boat building, tourism… Protected saltwater marshes and wildlife refuges Inlets, creeks and islands where pirates hid to attack merchant ships Rivers Savannah River: Discovered by Hernando de Soto Spreads into 3 lakes (Man-made): Chattahoochee River: J. Strom Thurmond, Russell, Hartwell “River of Painted Rocks” Supplies water to Atlanta and cities south One of the 10 most endangered rivers in the U.S. All rivers provide transportation, recreation, water supply, irrigation, and replenishing soils. Lakes There are NO large natural lakes in Georgia. • Created by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the Georgia Power Company. “Oh Brother, Where Art Thou?” Provides recreation, reservoirs, and hydroelectric power. Climate Terms (p. 33) Climate: weather over a period of time. Weather: day to day changes in temperature , precipitation, wind,… Temperature: a result of latitude, longitude, and elevation. Highest: July Coldest: January Precipitation: rain, snow, sleet, hail,… Wettest: July Driest: October Drought: far below normal rainfall…affects lake levels, water tables, hydroelectric power, recreation, and agriculture. Winds: control weather Winter: Alaska/Canada Summer: Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean Wind Currents: flow or movement of air. Jet Stream: 30,000 feet above sea level Trade Winds: explorers used to go to New World Westerlies: explorers used to go home Geographic Terms Cardinal Directions: North, south, east, and west Intermediate Directions: Northeast, southeast, northwest, southwest Absolute Location: Latitude and longitude • Grid work Relative location: position of one place compared to another • Distance, direction, location Population Density: amount of people per square mile Metropolitan Statistical Area: has a central city of at least 50,000 people Political Regions: legal boundaries created by the government for election purposes Ocean Currents 71% of Earth covered in water. Current: “river” of ocean water. Caused by the uneven cooling and heating of the Earth’s surface Gulf Stream: current along the east coast of the U.S. going from Florida to Maine. Ships used this to move towards Europe Steers hurricanes away from Georgia Hurricanes Storm Expected Category Wind MPH Surge Damage 1 74-95 4-4.9 Feet Minimal 2 96-110 5-7.9 Moderate 3 111-130 8-11.9 Extensive 4 131-155 12-18 Extreme 5 >155 >18 Catastrophic Hurricanes occur in water of 80 degrees or more! Season: beginning of June to end of November. Tornadoes Rating MPH Expected Damage F-0 40-72 Light (Loose debris) F-1 73-112 Moderate (Broken Windows) F-2 113-157 Considerable (Broken Trees) F-3 158-206 Severe (Outer Walls) F-4 207-260 Devastating (Structural) F-5 261-318 Forget About It! Tornadoes are very unpredictable! Georgia averages 19/year. Georgia Wildlife Wildlife (Fauna) Whitetail Deer found in all 159 counties of Georgia. Endangered in early 1900s Bald Eagle hunting forbidden! 6 types of poisonous snakes. American Alligator protected by the Federal government. Loggerhead Sea Turtles: Laws protect them on the coast of GA and SC. No lights facing the beach! • Guided by the MOON! Pogo The Possum Georgia Trees and Plants Azalea Aloe Loblolly Pine Trees and Plants (Flora) Hardwoods (North Georgia): Pines (Piedmont and Coastal Plains): Hickory, Spruce, Maple Loblolly Cypress and Cedar (Okefenokee) Flora in Industry Economy: peaches and pecans Tourism: azaleas, dogwood, iris… Medicine: Aloe (healing) Purple cornflower (insect repellant) Goldenrod (snakebites) Jewelweed (itch…poison ivy, bites) Kudzu: cascading plant…tough to kill. Can be used in health foods and starch. CREDITS My apologies to those people whose pictures I used as I had not learned how to credit.