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PRONOUN USAGE PERSONAL PRONOUNS Definition: A pronoun that changes form depending on what person is referred to 1st person—person speaking (I, we) 2nd person—person spoken to (you) 3rd person—person other than the speaker or the person spoken to (he, she, it, they) PRONOUN CASES Definition: The case or form changes depending on the use of the pronoun Singular Pronouns 1st person 2nd person 3rd person Nominative Case I you he, she, it Objective Case me you him, her, it Possessive Case my, mine your, yours his, her, hers, its Plural Pronouns 1st person 2nd person 3rd person Nominative Case we you they Objective Case us you them Possessive Case our, ours your, yours their, theirs The Nominative Case Used as: 1. SUBJECT 2. PREDICATE NOMINATIVE The Nominative Case as a Subject: She is a good friend of mine. Problem Situations: 1. A compound subject The girls and (he, him) went to the movies. Try each subject separately. The girls went to the movies. (He, him) went to the movies. 2. A pronoun and a noun appositive (We, us) freshmen wish we didn’t have to write a research paper Remove the appositive (We, us) wish we didn’t have to write a research paper. The Nominative Case as a Predicate Nominative Predicate nominative is a noun that follows a linking verb SUBJECT = PREDICATE NOMINATIVE (Common linking verbs: AM, IS, ARE, WAS, WERE, MAY BE, etc.) Example: It was he who suggested that they take a day off of work. THE OBJECTIVE CASE Used in the following ways: 1. Direct object 2. Indirect object 3. Object of the preposition As a direct object: Jessica decided to call him. The explosion frightened my friends and me. As an indirect object I handed him my math homework. As the object of a preposition: He stood in line between you and me. NOTE: Again, watch out for the following scenarios: 1. Compound object—I made sure to call Sam and (she, her). 2. Noun appositive—Everyone blames (we, us) students for the trouble. WHO VS. WHOM, p. 224 Nominative—who, whoever Objective—whom, whomever When WHO/ WHOM is used in a subordinate clause, the use of the pronoun is determined by its function IN THE CLAUSE. Steps in Using Who/ Whom: 1. Find the subordinate clause 2. Determine how the pronoun is used IN the clause SUB, PN, DO, IO, OP Identifying the subject and verb of the clause may help 3. Determine the case of the pronoun based on the usual rules 4. Select the correct from of the pronoun NOTE: No words outside of the clause affect the case of the pronoun. EXAMPLE: Herb Matthew, (who, whom) I sat next to, fell asleep during the last act of the play. 1. SUBORDINATE CLAUSE: (who, whom) I sat next to 2. FUNCTION IN CLAUSE: Subject of clause = I Verb of clause = sat (Who, whom) = object of preposition 3. CASE Object of Preposition = OBJECTIVE 4. FORM OBJECTIVE IS WHOM Example: I voted for Margaret O’Rourke (who, whom) my friends recommended. 1. 2. 3. 4. Example: Do you know (who, whom) she is? 1. 2. 3. 4. Incomplete Construction, p. 230 Occurs when part of the sentence is omitted but understood Example: My sister is older than I (IMPLIED: My sister is older than I [am old]). After than and as in an incomplete construction, use the form of the pronoun that you would use if the construction were completed. Example: Fran was as delighted as (I, me). Fran was as delighted as I was. NOTE: Sometimes the choice of pronoun affects the meaning of the entire sentence. Example: I know Jerry better than (he, him).