Download IPv6 Hosts - Surfnet IPv6

Transition To The New Internet
IBC Global Conferences Ltd
22nd - 23rd June 2000, Millennium Britannia Hotel, London
Version 0.1 -DRAFT
This presentation includes Notes pages.
IPv6 Transition Architecture
Tunnels, Translators and Dual Stacks
Nigel Seel
Interweave Consulting Ltd.
May 2000
www.interweave-consulting.com
Page 1
Contents
• IPv6 Structure
• IPv6 Addressing
• Strategies for Transition
– Tunneling
• configured and automatic
• 6to4
• 6over4
– Protocol Translation (SIIT & NAT-PT)
– Dual-Stack Transition Mechanism (DSTM/AIIH)
• Conclusions
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Page 2
IPv4 Header
0 ----------------------------- 7 ------------------------------ 15 ------------------------------ 23 --------------------------- 31
VER 4
HL
ToS
Identification
TTL
Protocol
Total Length
Flags
Fragment Offset
Header Checksum
Source Address
Destination Address
Options (if any)
Padding
Data
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IPv6 Header
Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6) Specification - RFC 2460
0 ----------------------------- 7 ------------------------------ 15 ------------------------------ 23 --------------------------- 31
VER 6
Traffic Class
Payload Length
Flow Label 20 bits
Next Header Hop Limit-TTL
Source Address (128 bits - 16 bytes)
Dest. Address (128 bits - 16 bytes)
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Page 4
IPv6 Extension Headers
Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6) Specification - RFC 2460
IPv6 Hop-by-Hop
Header
Options
Routing Fragment Destination
Options
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Authentication
Encapsulating
Upper Layer
Security payload
Header
Page 5
IPv6 Aggregate Global Unicast Address
draft-ietf-ipngwg-addr-arch-v3-00.txt
3
13
001 TLA ID
32
NLA ID
FF::/8
FE80::/10
FEC0::/10
2000::/3
::a.b.c.d
::FFFF:p.q.r.s
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16
64
SLA ID
Interface ID
- Multicast
- Link Local Unicast
- Site Local Unicast
- Aggregate Global Unicast (above)
- IPv4 compatible (host is tunnel end-point)
- IPv4 mapped (IPv4-only node)
Page 6
IPv6 - what’s in it for Service Providers?
• SPs can obviously be early adopters of IPv6 in their own corporate
network but this really isn’t the point. It’s the end customers who will
move to IPv6, and thereby open up a challenge/opportunity for the SP.
• If the SP remains IPv4 only, then they will have to tunnel IPv6 through
their network to the IPv6 Internet (6Bone extensions, presumably).
This is not a good solution, as it leads to needless tunnel management
OA&M overhead, as well as missing opportunities.
• A forward looking SP will run an IPv6 overlay, converging to dualstack IPv6/IPv4 working as implementations stabilise. As we will see,
there are a number of additional services IPv6-savvy SPs can offer
customers in transition.
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Page 7
Dual IP stack
A Guide to the Introduction of IPv6 in the IPv4 World
<draft-ietf-ngtrans-introduction-to-ipv6-transition-03.txt>
• Dual stack nodes will interoperate directly with both IPv4 and IPv6 nodes.
• They must provide resolver libraries capable of dealing with the DNS IPv4 A
records as well as the IPv6 AAAA or A6 records.
• When both A and AAAA or A6 records are listed in the DNS there are three
different options [RFC1933]
• (i) return only IPv6 address(es),
• (ii) return only IPv4 address(es) or
• (iii) return both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses.
The selection of which address type to return, or, in which order can affect what
type of IP traffic is generated.
• Although this is the simplest approach, it offers no solution to the shortage of
IPv4 addresses, and locks the Internet into a combined IPv4-IPv6 stasis (since
IPv6-only nodes cannot communicate with IPv4-only nodes using this method).
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Page 8
Interworking Options
Tunneling
IPv6 - IPv6 interworking via an IPv4 network.
IPv6
IPv4
Tunnel
IPv6
Translation
• Configured
• Automatic
• 6to4
• 6ver4
• Tunnel Broker
IPv6 - IPv4 interworking by header translation.
IPv6
Translator
Dual Stack with IPv4 address pool
Combined IPv6/v4 stack on host. IPv4
tunneled in IPv6. Pool of IPv4 addresses.
• SIIT
• NAT-PT
IPv4
Application
IPv6
Tunnel
Transport
IPv4
IPv6
Datalink
Physical
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Page 9
Configured tunneling: Router => Router
Transition Mechanisms for IPv6 Hosts and Routers - <draft-ietf-ngtrans-mech-04.txt>
IPv4 cloud
IPv6/v4 router
IPv6/v4 router
IPv6-over-IPv4 Tunnel
IPv6
IPv6
• IPv6 is tunneled in IPv4
IPv6 host
• Issues of MTU, fragmentation
• Configured tunnel soft state in routers
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IPv6 host
Page 10
Configured tunneling: Host => Router
Transition Mechanisms for IPv6 Hosts and Routers - <draft-ietf-ngtrans-mech-04.txt>
IPv4 cloud
IPv6/v4 router
IPv6-over-IPv4 Tunnel
IPv6/v4 Host
IPv6
• Host tunnels IPv6 in IPv4 - could be dial-up via IPv4 ISP
• Issues of MTU, fragmentation
• Tunnel soft state in host & router (see Tunnel Broker, later)
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IPv6 host
Page 11
Automatic tunneling: Host => Host
Transition Mechanisms for IPv6 Hosts and Routers - <draft-ietf-ngtrans-mech-04.txt>
IPv4 address = a.b.c.d
IPv4-Compatible address = :: a.b.c.d
(96-bit zero prefix)
IPv4 cloud
IPv4 address = p.q.r.s
IPv4-Compatible address = ::p.q.r.s
(96-bit zero prefix)
IPv6-over-IPv4 Tunnel
IPv6/v4 Host
IPv6/v4 Host
SRC=::a.b.c.d; DEST=::p.q.r.s
SRC= a.b.c.d
DEST=p.q.r.s
IPv6 packet tunneled in IPv4 packet
• Pseudo-interface driver in host protocol stack does the encapsulation and decapsulation
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Page 12
Automatic tunneling: Router => Host
Transition Mechanisms for IPv6 Hosts and Routers - <draft-ietf-ngtrans-mech-04.txt>
Router IPv4 address = a.b.c.d
IPv4-Compatible address = :: a.b.c.d
(96-bit zero prefix)
IPv4 address = p.q.r.s
IPv4-Compatible address = ::p.q.r.s
(96-bit zero prefix)
IPv4 cloud
IPv6/v4 router
IPv6-over-IPv4 Tunnel
IPv6 packet
IPv6/v4 Host
… ...
SRC D; DEST=::p.q.r.s
SRC= a.b.c.d
DEST=p.q.r.s
IPv6Host
IPv6-address = D
IPv6 packet tunneled in IPv4 packet
• Pseudo-interface drivers in IPv6/v4 router and host protocol stacks do the encapsulation
and decapsulation. 0:0:0:0:0:0::/96 static routing entry => automatic-tunneling interface.
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Page 13
6to4
draft-ietf-ngtrans-6to4-04.txt
• The 6to4 mechanism does away with the complexities of manual tunnel set up.
• 6to4 is aimed at a site which is IPv4, but which will start transition by introducing
islands of IPv6 which need to talk IPv6 to each other, and to the wider IPv6 Internet.
• Can’t use automatic tunneling between IPv6 islands, as you would need one
automatic tunnel per host-pair. Recall tunnels are set up as uni-directional. If the
tunnels are between IPv6-island edge-routers, you’re back to configured-tunneling.
• Each IPv6 host and router has an IPv6 address with special 48-bit 6to4 IPv6 prefix
– TLA = 2002::/16; NLA = the IPv6-island edge-IPv4 address.
• This allows the IPv6-island edge router to automatically tunnel IPv6 packets from
one island to another, and to the broader IPv6 Internet.
• Each IPv6 node will typically have multiple IPv6 addresses, including a “native”
(e.g. site-local) IPv6 address for intra-island communication, and a 6to4 address,
which it will use for inter-island and IPv6-Internet communication. DNS sorts it out.
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Page 14
6to4 mechanism
draft-ietf-ngtrans-6to4-04.txt
6to4 site
2002:a.b.c.d::/48
6to4
Router
IPv4 address:
a.b.c.d
IPv6-host
Packet
format
V=4 PT=41
SRC =a.b.c.d
DEST=p.q.r.s
IPv4 Cloud (site
network, or today’s
Internet)
IPv4 address:
p.q.r.s
V=6
SRC=2002:a.b.c.d,SLA,IID
6to4 Router
DEST= 2002:p.q.r.s,SLA,IID
6to4 site
2002:p.q.r.s::/48
DATA
IPv6-host
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Page 15
6to4 routing rules
6to4 site
2002:a.b.c.d::/48
6to4 site
6to4
Router
6to4
Router
IPv4 cloud
IPv6-host
Since this is an IPv6 site, hosts within this site will
have native IPv6 addresses as well as 6to4 addresses.
Normal IPv6 IGP routing will prevail.
IPv6 router routing table
…
…
Default route
2002::/16 => 6to4 Router
An IPv6 packet with a 6to4 destination address* will:
a. need to be routed to the 6to4 border router;
6to4 router routing rule
IF next-hop-IPv6-addr-prefix = 2002::/16
b. be IPv4-encapsulated.
* 2002: p.q.r.s ::/48
THEN send-it-to-pseudo-i/f-driver
(IPv4-dest = NLA)
-----------NLA
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Page 16
6to4 routing to IPv6 WAN
Native IPv6 Routes
IPv6 WAN Cloud
(e.g. IPv6 Internet)
2002::/16 BGP4+
Independent Routing Domains
Relay Router
Could be offered by Service Provider
BGP4+
6to4
Router
6to4 Router
IPv4 Cloud (site network,
or today’s Internet)
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Page 17
6to4 Transition Strategy
(edited from p. 15, draft-ietf-ngtrans-6to4-04.txt)
•
Run IPv6 on site using any suitable implementation.
•
Configure a border router connected to the external IPv4 network to support 6to4, including
advertising the appropriate 2002::/16 routing prefix locally. Configure IPv6 DNS entries
using this prefix. At this point the 6to4 mechanism is automatically available, and the site has
obtained a "free" IPv6 prefix.
•
Identify a 6to4 relay router willing to relay the site's traffic to the native IPv6 world. This
could either be at another cooperative 6to4 site, or an ISP service.
– If no exterior routing protocol is in use in the 6to4 exterior routing domain, the site's 6to4 router
will be configured with a default IPv6 route pointing to that relay router's 6to4 address.
– If an exterior routing protocol such as BGP4+ is in use, the site's 6to4 router will be configured to
establish appropriate BGP adjacencies.
•
When native external IPv6 connectivity becomes available, add a second (native) IPv6
prefix to both the border router configuration and the DNS configuration. At this point, an
address selection rule will determine when 6to4 and when native IPv6 will be used.
•
When 6to4 usage ceases (which may be several years later), remove the 6to4 configuration.
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Page 18
Virtual Ethernet: 6over4
Transmission of IPv6 over IPv4 Domains without Explicit Tunnels - rfc 2529
IPv4 Multicast Domain
IPv6 Domain
IPv6 router with
IPv4 interface
IPv4/v6 host
IPv4/v6 host
• IPv6 Packets are encapsulated into IPv4 packets, which are local-multicast on the IPv4 network.
• Since all IPv6 nodes subscribe to the multicast group, they all receive the encapsulated packets.
• Non-destinations discard the encapsulated IPv6 packets.
• Note: this is a SITE-LOCAL solution relying upon IPv4 multicast being enabled.
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Tunnel Broker
draft-ietf-ngtrans-broker-02.txt
Tunnel Servers
IPv4/v6 routers
DNS
IPv4 Domain
IPv4/IPv6 node
IPv6 Domain
Tunnel Broker
Configured IPv6 over IPv4 Tunnel
Applicability
• Dial-up user on IPv4 ISP.
• Exploratory use of IPv6.
• Could be a wholesale SP offer.
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Protocol Conversion: SIIT
Stateless IP/ICMP Translation Algorithm
- RFC 2765
• Problem addressed is IPv6 host communicating with IPv4 host
• Don’t require that IPv6 host have IPv4 implementation - (stack, address)
• Uses “IPv4-translated addresses” 0::FFFF:0:a.b.c.d for IPv6 host to avoid state.
• Issues: fragmentation; security - no AH; DNS; DHCP; ICMPv6 vs. v4.
IPv4-translated
0::FFFF:0:a.b.c.d
IPv4
p.q.r.s
SIIT translator
IPv6 Domain
IPv4 Domain
IPv6 Host
IPv4 Host
SRC = 0::FFFF:0:a.b.c.d
DEST = 0::FFFF:p.q.r.s
Pool of IPv4 addresses
IPv4-mapped
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a.b.c.d
…..
SRC = p.q.r.s
DEST = a.b.c.d
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Protocol Conversion: NAT-PT
Network Address Translation - Protocol Translation
- RFC 2766
• Problem addressed is IPv6 host communicating with IPv4 host - mostly as in SIIT
• No special IPv6 address formats - straight IPv6 <=> IPv4 NAT + SIIT rules.
• Promising service for SPs to offer - include DNS-ALG for DNS connectivity.
Site-local
FEDC:BA98::7654:3210
132.146.243.30
NAT-PT
IPv6 stub
Domain
PREFIX::/96
advertised
IPv4 Domain
IPv6 Host
SRC = FEDC:BA98::7654:3210
DEST = PREFIX::132.146.243.30
could be IPv4-mapped ::FFFF:0:0/96
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IPv4 Host
Pool of IPv4 addresses
SRC = 132.146.243.30
DEST = 120.130.26.10
Subnet 120.130.26/24
--------------------------FEDC:BA98::7654:3210 <=> 120.130.26.10
… ...
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Dual Stack Transition Mechanism (DSTM)
Assignment of IPv4 global addresses to IPv6 Hosts (AIIH)
draft-ietf-ngtrans-dstm-01.txt
• Objective: provide IPv6 nodes with an IPv4 address for communicating with IPv4-only hosts or applications
• DSTM = DHCPv6 server which uses DNS/AIIH server to provide temporary IPv4 assignments.
• Scope is intranets, not the public Internet; network is IPv6 ONLY (IPv4 packets tunneled within IPv6).
Intranet IPv6
DSTM Domain
IPv4 Domain
AIIH server
DHCPv6
DNS server
b
a
IPv4-in-IPv6 Tunnel
b = p.q.r.s
(temp IPv4 addr)
IPv4 host
IPv6/v4 node (two APIs)
Dynamic Tunneling Interface
IPv4-in-IPv6
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IPv6/v4 DSTM router
a = a.b.c.d
SRC = b
DEST = a
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Pros and Cons of each approach
•
Configured and/or Automatic Tunneling (IPv6 - via-IPv4 - IPv6)
– Robust basic overlay model. Configured is more general mechanism, but needs work by the operator.
•
6to4 (IPv6 - via-IPv4 - IPv6)
– Clever global-IPv6 addressing scheme automates tunnels over the IPv4 network with only a small edgerouter modification and having to use the special 6to4 addresses. SP opportunity with Relay Router.
•
6over4 (IPv6 - via-IPv4 - IPv6)
– Uses IPv4 multicast to simulate broadcast Ethernet between IPv6 nodes. Clearly doesn’t scale beyond a
site, and requires multicast-enabled. Not of great interest to a Service provider.
•
Tunnel Broker (IPv6 - via-IPv4 - IPv6)
– Can take some of the pain out of IPv6 configured tunnel administration, but will require major vendors
to support. A possible SP service.
•
NAT-PT (SIIT) (IPv6 -- IPv4)
– BT are taking this seriously. Obviates need for dual-stack working. Could be provided by a SP as a
managed service. Optimal technique for IPv6-site access to IPv4 Internet (and IPv4 WWW)?
– Major limitations in functionality (lack of support for IPv6 extenstion headers, IPsec broken).
•
DSTM/AIIH (IPv6/v4 -- IPv4)
– Intranet service. IPv4 tunneled in IPv6. DNS, DHCPv6 servers could be provided by the SP. Needs dual
stack on host, however.
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Page 24
Conclusions: a Service Provider perspective
• SPs should be early adopters of IPv6, since the alternative is to
tunnel their customers’ IPv6 traffic over IPv4 - which would be a
major OA&M overhead using configured tunnels.
Link to the IPv6 Internet backbone, and provide IPv6 links to customers.
• Some customer sites may introduce 6to4 within their (predominant)
IPv4 networks.
Offer a 6to4 relay router service .
• For communicating with IPv4-only hosts, either a dual-stack
solution is required, or Network Address Translation - Protocol
Translation can be used to map between IPv6 and IPv4.
Offer a NAT-PT service.
• BT has already shown interest.
• http://www.labs.bt.com/technical/nat_pt/
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