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Chapter
An Introduction to Linux
What is Linux
• One of the fastest growing operating system
today
• Unix-like operating system
• Named after Linus Torvalds (creator)
– Linus + Unix = Linux
• Powerful
– Speed and reliability
– Runs on many different types of hardware
• For most part it is free or so far inexpensive
compared to Microsoft
What is so special about Linux.
Linux is said to be:
Reliable.
 Simple.
 Free!
 Runs on a variety of platforms.
 considered the most important free
software achievement.
 Able to turn any 80386 or better PC into a
workstation.

What’s With The Penguins?
• Linus Torvalds is a naturalists and he
always liked penguins
Unix-Linux Origin
 Unix

Originally developed at AT&T as a multitasking
system for minicomputers and mainframes in the
1970’s.
 Linux




Developed primarily be Linus Torval.
Inspired by Minix.
Kernel uses no code from AT&T or any other
proprietary source.
Developed by a group of volunteers, primarily in
the Internet, who exchange code, report bugs and
fix problems.
Linux History
• First posted on the Internet: in October 1991
• Linux 1.0 was released in 1994 and Linux 2.2
in 1999
• Today Linux runs on millions of computers
with thousands of programmers improving it
continuously and sharing the code with
others
The GNU Project
 Launched in 1984 to develop a completely Free Unixlike operating system: The GNU System. Many
flavors of the GNU system are currently in use, i.e.
Caldera, Redhat, Corel, etc.
 These GNU Systems use the Linux Kernel, these
systems are incorrectly called "Linux", they should be
called GNU/Linux systems.
 GNU is "Copylefted". Copyleft uses copyright law in
reverse. It allows software to be used, modified, and
distribute modified versions. Modified versions may
not add restrictions of their own.
 Visit www.gnu.org for more information.
What is so special about Linux.
Linux is said to be:
Reliable.
 Simple.
 Free!
 Runs on a variety of platforms.
 considered the most important free
software achievement.
 Able to turn any 80386 or better PC into a
workstation.

Linux Strengths
• Powerful
• Networking and e-business capabilities
– associated with Apache Web Server
• Reliable
• Free to download
– or affordable through distribution CDs
Linux Reservations
• Linux is still primarily a network
operating system intended for servers
– There are versions intended for clients now
being released
• Linux is not as user friendly compared
to Microsoft operating systems
• Users must learn commands to harness
the full benefits of Linux
LINUX
 Features:






Complete multitasking, multiuser OS.
Compatible with Unix standards.
Supports virtual consoles.
Supports various file systems for storing data.
Provides complete implementation of TCP/IP
networking software.
Include device drivers for many Ethernet cards.
LINUX
 Features (cont.)

Kernel




is developed to use protected-mode features of Intel
80386 and better processors.
supports demand-paged and loaded executables.
supports copy-on-write pages.
Linux can coexist with other OS on the same
machine.
Typical Uses of Linux
• Server
– Web servers and firewall
– Dedicated Print servers and File servers
– Used as an operating system on less
powerful hardware
• Desktop
– Desktop versions are now being made
available (Workstation edition of Red Hat)
– Many desktop applications exist today
– More are being quickly developed
Linux Application Areas
• Not only the enthusiasts
• ISP (Internet service providers)
• Engineering companies
• Retail
• Publishing
• Financial
• Healthcare
• ……..and more
Linux Based Network
Linux Interface with the
Hardware
• Unix-like
– Kernel: the part of
the operation system
that interacts with
the hardware
– Shell: the part of the
operating system
that interacts with
the user
User
Shell
Kernel
Hardware
Linux Implementations with
User
GUI
GUI
Shell
Kernel
Hardware
GNU/Linux K Desktop
Environment
 KDE is a powerful GUI desktop environment for
Unix workstations.
 Provides ease of use, contemporary functionality,
and the technological superiority of the Linux OS.
 KDE is an internet project that is "Open" in every
sense.
 All KDE sources are open to everyone and may be
distributed by anyone subject to the well know GNU
licenses.
 KDE is a mature desktop suite.
 Visit WWW.KDE.ORG for further information.
Current KDE Distribution
Includes the following packages:
 KDE-Libs: Various Run-time libraries
 KDE-Base: The base components
 KDE Graphics: e.g. Kpaint, Kfax, Kghostview
 KDE Utilities: Kedit, KCalc, Knotes
 KDE-Multimedia: KMidi, Kmodplayer,
Kmixer, KSCD
 KDE-Games: Kasteroids, Kpat, Ktetris
 KDE-Admin: Various rools to aid system
administration
Current KDE Distribution
Includes the following packages:
KDE-Network: Kppp, Krn, Kmail
Most current distributions of Linux Use
a modified version of KDE. Corel calls
its version Enhanced KDE.
Visit Linux.Corel.com, Linux.com,
Linuxworld.com for more information.
Demonstration.
Linux Directory Structure (/)
The Linux TCP/IP
Networking Layers
Network Application
User
Kernel
BSD Sockets
Socket
Interface
INET Sockets
Protocol
Layers
UDP
TCP
IP
Network
Devices
PPP
SLIP
ARP
Ethernet
Obtaining the Linux Operating
System
• By downloading from websites
• Purchasing from a computer retail store
• Obtaining sources from Linux related
magazines
Some Linux Vendors and their
Websites
• Caldera OpenLinux 2.3
– http://www.calderasystems.com/
• Corel
– http://linux.corel.com
• Mandrake
– http://www.linux-mandrake.com/en/
• Red Hat
– http://www.redhat.com
– know for its package manager
– Perhaps the most popular site
Linux Related Websites
• General Linux Websties
– http://www.linux.org
– http://metalab.unc.edu/mdw/index.html
• Linux in business
– http://www.linux-business.com
– http://www.linuxresources.com
• Linux Technical Websites
– http://www.slashdot.org
– http://www.linuxbase.com
Module
Linux Vs Windows
Licensing and Code Ownership
Manufacturer
Windows 2000
Linux
• open-source
community
• couple of vendors
Microsoft
Licensing Fee
Linux
Windows 2000
No
Yes
Installation Ease
Linux
Windows 2000
• getting easier
• but still more than
Windows 2000
because of the experience of
previous versions, it’s very
easy to install and setup
automated software setup
over a network
User Interface
Linux
Windows 2000
• DOS-like
command-line
• Newer versions
have GUI interfaces
such as Gnome and
KDE
GUI-based
Availability of Applications
Linux
Windows 2000
• few existing applications
for Linux
• more and more
applications are written
for running on Linux but
not mainstream yet. (e.g.
support by IBM)
many applications are
available
Reliability
Linux
Windows 2000
• good
• many users report
that it can be run for
months without
crashing
• Good
• Reliability has
improved over the
years
Anticipated Growth in Market Share
Market Share
for Server OS,
1998 vs. 1999
Future of Linux
Reasons for growth
• the undercurrent of dissent against Microsoft
(i.e. as an alternative to the Windows O/S)
• Competing vendors such as Sun promoting
the Linux operating system
• ability to modify the source code
• control and freedom for the power user
• easy to obtain
Module
Major Linux Features
Office and Email Applications
• Office Applications
– Ex: StarOffice, Koffice, Applixware and
Corel Wordperfect
• Email Clients
– Ex: kmail, spruce, netscape and mozilla
Video and Audio
• Graphic Editors & Manipulators
– Ex: The GNU Image Manipulation Program(GIMP)
• Audio, Video and DVD
–
–
–
–
Video clips compact player-xanim
Mpeg player-gtv, mtv
DVD player-Livid
MP3 player-mpg123
• Voice Recognition
– Xvoice works on any X11 application
– CvoiceControl is used on Linux console
Internet Applications
• Internet Browsers
– Ex: Netscape
• Internet Chat
– Ex: Xchat
• Web Page Editors
– Ex: Amaya
Network Protocols Supported
•
•
•
•
•
•
TCP/IP
IPv6
IPX/SPX
AppleTalk Protocol Suite
PPP, SLIP, PLIP
Amateur Radio
Internet Servers and Browsers
for Linux
• Mail Server
– Sendmail
• Web Servers
– Apache
• Web Browsers
– Netscape Navigator
Internet Services Supported
• FTP Servers and clients
• News Services
• Domain Name System
• DHCP
• NIS
• Authentication
Remote Execution of
Applications
• Telnet
• The X Windows System
Security Issue
• Web Server Attacks
• Weak Passwords
• Denial of Service Attacks
• Man in the Middle Attack
• IP Address Spoofing
• Network Snooping
• Impersonation
Sample Web Servers for Linux
• Apache server
– Perhaps the most popular web server for Linux
• NCSA HTTPd
– http://hoohoo.ncsa.uiuc.edu
• Netscape Fast Track Server
• AOL server
– http://www.aolserver.com/server
• iPlanet Web Server
• etc.
Apache Server
• Developed by NCSA in 1995
• Apache and its source code is free
• Runs on Unix and Linux
• Supports HTTP 1.1
Apache Strengths
• High market share
– Over 57% web sites are using Apache
• Flexible
• Available free of charge
Apache Weakness
• Performance
– should create portable code for its OS
• Fully guided GUI based installation is
yet to materialize
• Few application services
Apache vs. IIS: A Quick
Comparison
Apache
IIS
SQL Database Interaction
Perl, PHP
ASP
GUI Installation
On developing
Yes
Cost
Low
High
Management tools
Poor
Good
Steady as load increased
Good
Poor
Built search engine
No
Yes
Flexibility
High
Low
Market share
High
Lower than Apache
Top Server
Source : Netcraft web server survey
Linux SQL Database (Free)
• MySQL
– a true multi-user, multi-threaded SQL database
server
– a client/server implementation
• PostgreSQL
– a sophisticated Object-Relational DBMS
– Supports almost all SQL constructs
• GadFly
– a very small, fast and highly portable database
system
– support a large subset of ODBC 2.0 SQL
MySQL Implementation
Example
PHP
Apache
script
PHP
MySQL
Server
Web
page on
browser
Web Research
• Visit the Red Hat and the Mandrake
website at the following addresses to
obtain additional information
– www.redhat.com
– http://www.linux-mandrake.com/en/
Module
Linux Multimedia
Audio Mixer and Sound Player
 AuMixer
Console-mixer tool.
http://jpj.net/~trevor/aumix.html
 B-play
Sound player, pretty good.
ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/apps/sound/pla
yers/
 Synathesia
You just can't live without this program! Is a 'visual'
CD player. It's just a SVGAlib CD player that shows
some nice effects while playing
ftp://sunite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/apps/sound/light
More on CD Players
• WorkMan
A VERY nice XView CD player.
ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/apps/sou
nd/cdrom/X/
MOD Player and Sound
Recording
 MikMOD
Regular MOD player, plays most of the MOD-file
types - in the way YOU wish. You can also get a XInterface
http://www.tohs.abacom.com/mikmod/
 MiXViews
A full featured sound recording / editing program.
Does everything and more. You have many effects
and so on. I only find some disabilities: bugs (a few),
no "dynamic" recording, not so many file formats,
ugly GUI.
http://www.ccmrc.ucsb.edu/~doug/htmls/MiXVie
ws.html
More on Sound Recorders
 X-Wave
A sound recorder / player.
Get it NOW at:
ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/apps/sound/edit
ors/
Related:
http://www.filefarm.com/filefarm/linux/subje
cts/524/
http://eunuchs.org/linux/frames.html
http://eunuchs.org/linux/scanner/index.html
http://eunuchs.org/linux/ip_masq/index.html
MPEG
 Mpeg 1 Layer 3 (mp3) Tools
A mp3 encoder and a decoder, for making
your own mp3 files / tweak with someone
elses. Do I need to say anything more? And,
ther's some other tools at the same homepage.
http://www.mpeg3.org/main.html

sPlay
MPEG 3 Audio player.
http://adam.kaist.ac.kr/~jw95/
Audio Editor
• Multitrack
Multitrack is a SVGAlib digital audio editor.
It'll soon come out in a 2.0 version. It's too
bad it's not X-based. Another irritating thing
is that you must create the WAVE files that
you are going to record before you can
record.
http://rulhmpc38.leiden.univ.nl/private/mu
ltitrack/multitrack.html
MIDI
 Rosegarden
And now! That all of you been waiting for! A
MIDI program that works! It have a
notationing system and so on! Perfect!
Nothing to complain about...yet!
http://www.bath.ac.uk/~masjpf/rose.html
 Playmidi
A general MIDI player.
ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/apps/sou
nd/players/
Animation Player
 X-Anim
A animation player for X, plays many,
MANY formats.
http://smurfland.cit.buffalo.edu/xanim/ho
me.html
MPEG Movie Player
 XView Mpeg
A XView based mpeg movie player.
/pub/Linux/apps/graphics/viewers/X/
End of Chapter
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