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Chapter 51
Behavioral Ecology
Teaching Objectives
Introduction to Behavior and Behavioral Ecology
1. Define behavior.
2. Distinguish between proximate and ultimate questions about
behavior. Ask a proximate question and an ultimate question
about bird song.
3. Explain how the classical discipline of ethology led to the
modern study of behavioral ecology.
4. Define fixed action patterns and give an example.
5. Define imprinting. Suggest a proximate cause and an
ultimate cause for imprinting in young geese.
Many Behaviors Have a Genetic Component
6. Explain how genes and environment contribute to behavior.
Explain what is unique about innate behavior.
7. Distinguish between kinesis and taxis.
8. Distinguish between signal and pheromone.
9. Explain how Berthold’s research demonstrated a genetic
basis for blackcap migration.
10. Describe Insel’s research on the genetic and physiological
controls on parental behavior of prairie voles. Describe
Bester-Meredith and Marler’s research on the influence of
social behavior on parental behavior of California mice.
Learning
11. Explain how habituation may influence behavior.
12. Describe Tinbergen’s classic experiment on spatial learning
in digger wasps.
13. Distinguish between landmarks and cognitive maps.
14. Describe how associative learning might help a predator to
avoid toxic prey.
15. Distinguish between classical conditioning and operant
conditioning.
16. Describe an experiment that demonstrates problem solving
in nonhuman animals.
Behavioral Traits Can Evolve by Natural Selection
17. Explain how Hedrick and Riechert’s experiments
demonstrated that behavioral differences between
populations might be the product of natural selection.
18. Use an example to show how researchers can demonstrate
the evolution of behavior in laboratory experiments.
19. Explain optimal foraging theory.
20. Explain how behavioral ecologists carry out cost-benefit
analyses to determine how an animal should forage
optimally. Explain how Zach demonstrated that crows feed
optimally on whelks.
21. Explain how predation risk may affect the foraging behavior
of a prey species.
22. Define and distinguish among promiscuous, monogamous,
and polygamous mating relationships. Define and
distinguish between polygyny and polyandry.
23. Describe how the certainty of paternity influences the
development of mating systems.
24. Explain why males are more likely than females to provide
parental care in fishes.
25. Suggest an ultimate explanation for a female stalk-eyed fly’s
preference for mates with relatively long eyestalks.
26. Agonistic behavior in males is often a ritualized contest
rather than combat. Suggest an ultimate explanation for this.
27. Explain how game theory may be used to evaluate
alternative behavioral strategies.
28. Define inclusive fitness and reciprocal altruism. Discuss
conditions that would favor the evolution of altruistic
behavior.
29. Relate the coefficient of relatedness to the concept of
altruism.
30. Define Hamilton’s rule and the concept of kin selection.
Social Learning and Sociobiology
31. Define social learning and culture.
32. Explain why mate choice copying by a female may increase
her fitness.
33. State the main premise of sociology.
Student Misconceptions
1. Clarify to your students that proximate and ultimate
questions are both legitimate approaches to the study of
behavior. “How” (proximate) and “why” (ultimate) questions
about animal behavior are related in their evolutionary basis.
Proximate mechanisms were favored by natural selection
because they produce behaviors that increase fitness in
some way.
2. Provide examples to your students to show them that
the answer to “nature or nurture?” is usually “nature and
nurture.”
3. Students may have difficulty understanding that our
genetic makeup influences human social behaviors, but
does not rigidly determine that behavior. Some students
may entirely discount the genetic basis of complex human
behaviors. Other students may take the opposite view,
imagining that there are single genes determining complex
human behavioral traits such as depression, alcoholism, or
overeating leading to obesity.
Chapter Guide to Teaching Resources
Overview: Studying behavior
Concept 51.1 Behavioral ecologists distinguish between proximate and
ultimate causes of behavior
Transparencies
Figure 51.3 Sign stimuli in a classic fixed action pattern
Figure 51.4 Proximate and ultimate perspectives on
aggressive behavior by male sticklebacks
Figure 51.5 Proximate and ultimate perspectives on imprinting
in graylag geese
Figure 51.6 Imprinting for conservation
Instructor and Student Media Resources
Investigation: How can pillbug responses to environments be
tested?
Video: Ducklings
Concept 51.2 Many behaviors have a strong genetic component
Transparencies
Figure 51.7 A kinesis and a taxis
Figure 51.9 Minnows responding to the presence of an alarm
substance
Figure 51.10 Are the different songs of closely related green
lacewing species under genetic control?
Concept 51.3 Environment, interacting with an animal’s genetic makeup,
influences the development of behaviors
Transparencies
Figure 51.12 How does dietary environment affect mate choice
by female Drosophila mojavensis?
Table 51.1 Influence of cross-fostering on male mice
Figure 51.14 Does a digger wasp use landmarks to find her
nest?
Figure 51.15 Associative learning in zebrafish
Instructor and Student Media Resource
Video: Chimp cracking nut
Concept 51.4 Behavioral traits can evolve by natural selection
Transparencies
Figure 51.19 Aggressiveness of funnel web spiders
(Agelenopsis aperta) living in two environments
Figure 51.20 Evolution of foraging behavior by laboratory
populations of Drosophila melanogaster
Figure 51.21 Evidence of a genetic basis for migratory
orientation
Concept 51.5 Natural selection favors behaviors that increase survival and
reproductive success
Transparencies
Figure 51.22 Energy costs and benefits in foraging behavior
Figure 51.23 Feeding by bluegill sunfish
Figure 51.24 Risk of predation and use of foraging areas by
mule deer
Figure 51.28 Sexual selection influenced by imprinting
Figure 51.31 Male polymorphism in the marine intertidal isopod
Paracerceis sculpta
Instructor and Student Media Resources
Video: Snake wrestle ritual
Video: Albatross courtship ritual
Video: Blue-footed boobies, courtship ritual
Video: Chimp agonistic behavior
Video: Wolves, agonistic behavior
Video: Giraffe courtship ritual
Concept 51.6 The concept of inclusive fitness can account for most
altruistic social behavior
Transparencies
Figure 51.34 The coefficient of relatedness between siblings
Figure 51.35 Kin selection and altruism in Belding’s ground
squirrel
Figure 51.36 Mate choice copying by female guppies (Poecilia
reticulata)
Instructor and Student Media Resource
Video: Bee pollinating
For additional resources such as digital images and lecture
outlines, go to the Campbell Media Manager or the Instructor
Resources section of www.campbellbiology.com.
Key Terms
agonistic behavior
altruism
associative learning
behavior
behavioral ecology
classical conditioning
coefficient of relatedness
cognition
cognitive ethology
cognitive map
communication
culture
ethology
fixed action pattern (FAP)
foraging
game theory
habituation
Hamilton’s rule
imprinting
inclusive fitness
innate behavior
kin selection
kinesis
landmark
learning
mate choice copying
monogamous
operant conditioning
optimal foraging theory
pheromone
polyandry
polygamous
polygyny
promiscuous
proximate question
reciprocal altruism
sensitive period
sign stimulus
signal
social learning
sociobiology
spatial learning
taxis
ultimate question
Word Roots
agon- 5 a contest (agonistic behavior: a type of behavior
involving a contest of some kind that determines which
competitor gains access to some resource, such as food or
mates)
andro- 5 a man (polyandry: a polygamous mating system
involving one female and many males)
etho- 5 custom, habit (ethology: the study of animal behavior in
natural conditions)
gyno- 5 a woman (polygyny: a polygamous mating system
involving one male and many females)
kine- 5 move (kinesis: a change in activity rate in response to a
stimulus)
mono- 5 one; -gamy 5 reproduction (monogamous: a type of
relationship in which one male mates with just one female)
poly- 5 many (polygamous: a type of relationship in which an
individual of one sex mates with several of the other sex)
socio- 5 a companion (sociobiology: the study of social
behavior based on evolutionary theory)51-2 Instructor’s Guide for
Campbell/Reece Biology, Seventh EditionChapter 51 Behavioral Ecology
51-
3 Instructor’s Guide for Campbell/Reece Biology, Seventh EditionChapter
51 Behavioral Ecology
Edition
Instructor’s Guide for Campbell/Reece Biology, Seventh