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The Roman Empire Today’s Goal: • Describe the culture and daily life in the Roman Empire and its influence on later Western civilization Why is the period from 27 BC to AD 180 referred to as the Pax Romana? • Octavian, renamed Augustus, became 1st emperor of Rome - Also known as “princeps”, imperator • Rome entered the Pax Romana, or “Roman peace”, a period of peace and prosperity • Augustus secures the empire & builds infrastructure (roads, temples) The Age of Augustus Size of the empire under Augustus Model of Rome Economy • Agriculture was the most important industry in the Roman Empire • The Roman coin was known as the denarius made trade easier • The Romans had a vast trading network and built a navy to protect their trade ships Roman Religion The Virtue of gravitas Society & Culture The lives of the rich and famous How did Roman gov’t distract the poor? • It offered “Bread & Circuses” • Entertainment to distract poor from daily struggles - Gladiator contests - Mock battles - Chariot races - Free games • Over 150 holidays • Events in the Coliseum, Circus Maximus, Hippodrome How were slaves viewed and treated? • Widespread, essential to economy - 1/3rd of population • Cruel treatment - Property of masters - Strong men fought as gladiators • Slave revolts – unsuccessful • Possible manumission (freedom) “All Roads Lead to Rome” • Network of roads - built for military purposes - linked empire to Persia & Russia - learned techniques from Etruscans & Greeks • Roman aqueducts - Bring clean water to Roman cities • Aqueducts provided water for the Roman baths Circus Maximus http://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=pbQvpJsTvxU Coliseum Pantheon (“temple to all gods”) • Most well-preserved Roman building (saved from ruin by Christian Church) • Oculus (eye designed to let light enter building) Poetry & Literature Horace – poems that glorified Rome & Augustus, described joys & irritations of daily life Virgil – pastoral lyrics celebrating artistry & rural life (The Aeneid – story of Rome) Augustus’ Building Projects Temple to Apollo, Palatine Hill Roman Forum The Bad Emperors “Bootikins” Fell ill insane? Hated by Jews Assassinated by Praetorian guard #3 Caligula Adopted by Claudius Reforms “Fiddled while Rome burned”? Condemned to death by Senate suicide #5 Nero #11 Domitian Son of Vespasian Despotic His wife hired man to stab him The Good Emperors #16 Marcus Frail, often#14 ill Hadrian Adopted by HadrianAurelias Kindly & amiableCalm, kind, moral Stoic philosophy Ruled only 16 months Daughter Faustina married Wrote “Meditations” Died of fever Marcus Aurelias Made son Commodus his Died during sleep co-emperor Long-lasting illness # 12 Nerva #13 Spanish Became close friend of origin Trajan Adopted by Nerva Trajan’s wife Plotina wrote Humble, respectful letters to senate stating Public works, funds Hadrian as successor StrokePius Adopted Antoninus Trajan Fell ill Hadrians’ Wall #15 Antoninus Pius