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Ancient Rome Chapter 5 Section 2 Ruling the Mediterranean • The Romans were committed to a policy of imperialism • While Rome was fighting Carthage it was also expanding east • Rome confronted the remains of Alexander the Great’s Greek Empire • By 133 B.C. Rome called the Mediterranean “Mare Nostrum” – “Our Sea” Impact at Home • Rome gained riches through conquest and trade • A new class of wealthy Romans emerged – built huge estates (latifundia) – forced conquered peoples to work their land • Slave labor hurt small farmers – Grain prices dropped when grain was brought in from conquered lands • Gap between rich and poor grew • Increased corruption Attempts at Reform • Gracchus Brothers (Tiberius and Gaius) • Reforms of the Gracchus brothers angered the Senate – Distribute land to poor farmers/feed the poor – seen as a threat – killed in street violence • Failure of reforming the Government lead to the decline of the Republic Decline of the Republic • Rome went into a series of civil wars because they could not solve their problems peacefully • Julius Caesar rises to power – ambitious military commander – dominated Roman politics with General Pompey – set out with his army • Pompey persuades Senate to order Caesar to disband • Caesar defied, led army back towards Rome Caesar Cont. • Crushed Pompey, forced senate to make him dictator – kept features of Republic • Caesar’s Reforms – 1) program of public works – 2) gave public land to the poor – 3) reorganized the gov't of the provinces – 4) granted Roman Citizenship – 5) calendar=most lasting achievement Assassination and Civil Wars • Caesar’s enemies worried about him becoming king • stabbed to death by the senators in order to save the republic • Caesar’s death brought new civil war • Mark Antony and Octavian (Augustus) joined forces • fought and struggled for power • Octavian defeats Antony and Cleopatra Roman Empire and Roman Peace • Senate gave Octavian the title of Augustus –exercised absolute power –began the Roman Empire • A Stable Government –Well trained civil service enforced the laws –High level jobs are open to men of all classes –allowed the provinces to self govern Augustus Economic Reforms • • • • • ordered a census to make taxes fair postal service new coins made trade easier Had the unemployed build roads, temples, and farm Augustus’ government functioned for over 200 years – who would rule after the emperor died – Death of an emperor lead to violence Good Emperors and Bad Emperors • Caligula – Evil – Appointed a horse as consul • Nero – Evil – Blamed Christians for setting the great fire • Hadrian – Good – Codified Roman Law The Pax Romana • • • • • • • 200 years of peace from Augustus to Marcus Aurelius Peace, order, unity, and prosperity Legions protected the roads and fleets chased pirates Trade flowed freely People spread ideas and knowledge Bread and Circuses Rich and poor loved spectacular entertainment Bread and Circuses • Circus Maximus = Rome’s largest racecourse • Gladiator Contests – Many were slaves who had been trained to fight – A good fighter might win his freedom – Thumbs down = he should be killed • Emperors paid for these events with the taxes they collected • Provided free grain for the poor • Policy of “bread and circuses” • Vocab pg 155, 3-5 pg 160