Download DTS PP4

Survey
yes no Was this document useful for you?
   Thank you for your participation!

* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project

Document related concepts
no text concepts found
Transcript
3.01 Vital Signs
PP4
Vital Signs
Provide information about body function
• Include:
–
–
–
–
temperature
pulse
respiration
blood pressure
• Changes may be the first sign of disease
• Accuracy is imperative!
3.01 Understand Diagnostic and
Therapeutic Services
2
Temperature
Measurement of the balance between heat lost
and heat produced
Heat lost through:
• Perspiration
• Respiration
• Excretion
Heat produced by:
• Metabolism of food
• Muscle and gland activity
3.01 Understand Diagnostic and
Therapeutic Services
3
Temperature
Normal ranges
– 97º - 100º F
– 36.1º - 37.8º C
3.01 Understand Diagnostic and
Therapeutic Services
4
Hypothermia
• Temperature below 95º F
• Death can occur if below 93º F
3.01 Understand Diagnostic and
Therapeutic Services
5
Hypothermia
Temperature decreases with:
–
–
–
–
–
environment
exposure to cold
inactivity
sleep
starvation
Symptoms:
– shivering
– cold skin
– confusion
3.01 Understand Diagnostic and
Therapeutic Services
6
Hyperthermia
• Temperature 100-104º F
• Temperature above 104º F is life-threatening
• Prolonged hyperthermia may cause
brain injury.
3.01 Understand Diagnostic and
Therapeutic Services
7
Hyperthermia
Temperature increases with:
–
–
–
–
environment
exercise
illness, infection, injury
stress
Symptoms:
–
–
–
–
hot, dry, red skin
nausea/vomiting
headache
low blood pressure
3.01 Understand Diagnostic and
Therapeutic Services
8
Thermometers
Clinical
Non-mercury glass
Aural
Electronic
3.01 Understand Diagnostic and
Therapeutic Services
9
Temperature Sites
• Aural – auditory canal
• Axillary – armpit
• Oral – mouth
• Rectal – rectum
3.01 Understand Diagnostic and
Therapeutic Services
10
To record temperature:
– Oral 98.6º (O)
– Rectal 99.6º (R)
– Axillary 97.6º (ax)
– Aural 98.6º (T)
3.01 Understand Diagnostic and
Therapeutic Services
11
Oral Temperature Measurement
• Ask pt if they have ingested hot or cold food or
drink, or smoked within the last ½ hour
– If yes, wait at least 15 minutes before measuring the
oral temperature
3.01 Understand Diagnostic and
Therapeutic Services
12
Aural Temperature Measurement
• Pros:
– Measures core body temperature
– Fast and convenient
• Con:
– Inaccurate if not placed correctly
in the ear canal
– Ear infection
– Ear wax
3.01 Understand Diagnostic and
Therapeutic Services
13
Pulse
Pressure of blood on artery walls as the heart
beats and relaxes
Sites:
1.Temporal – side of the forehead
2.Carotid – side of the neck
3.Brachial – inner elbow
4.Radial – above the thumb at radius
5.Femoral – upper thigh
6.Popliteal – behind the knee
7.Dorsalis pedis – top of the arch of the foot
3.01 Understand Diagnostic and
Therapeutic Services
14
When would you use these pulse sites?
Temporal
Carotid
Brachial
Radial
Femoral
Popliteal
Dorsalis pedis
3.01 Understand Diagnostic and
Therapeutic Services
15
Pulse
Normal rate
adult (male) 60 – 70 beats per minute
adult (female) 65 – 80 beats per minute
children (over 7) 70 – 100 beats/minute
children (1 – 7) 80 – 110 beats/minute
infants (less than 1 year) 100 – 160 beats/minute
Rhythm: regular or irregular
Volume: strength of the pulse
3.01 Understand Diagnostic and
Therapeutic Services
16
Pulse
can be increased by:
– exercise
– stimulant drugs
– excitement
– fever
– shock
– nervousness
3.01 Understand Diagnostic and
Therapeutic Services
17
Pulse
can be decreased by:
– sleep
– depressant drugs
– heart disease
– coma
3.01 Understand Diagnostic and
Therapeutic Services
18
Apical Pulse
count taken with stethoscope
Use if the patient has:
– Irregular heartbeat
– Arteriosclerosis
– Weak or rapid radial pulse
– Infants and children
3.01 Understand Diagnostic and
Therapeutic Services
19
Respirations
Process of taking in oxygen and expelling
carbon dioxide
1 inspiration + 1 expiration = respiration
Normal rate:
adults – 12 – 20 breaths/minute
children – 16 – 30 breaths/minute
Evaluate for rhythm and character
Rhythm – regular or irregular
Character – depth, ease of breaths
3.01 Understand Diagnostic and
Therapeutic Services
20
Abnormal respiratory patterns
Apnea – periods of absent breathing
Cheyne-stokes – periods of apnea and
dyspnea
Dyspnea – difficult breathing
3.01 Understand Diagnostic and
Therapeutic Services
21
Blood pressure
Pressure of blood on the arterial walls
Recorded as a fraction: 120/80
Systolic pressure – wall of left ventricle is contracting
 Normal range: 100-140 mm Hg
Diastolic pressure– wall of left ventricle is resting
 Normal range: 60-90 mm Hg
3.01 Understand Diagnostic and
Therapeutic Services
22
Blood pressure
Factors that elevate blood pressure:
– anxiety
–
–
–
–
eating
exercise
excitement
stimulant drugs
Factors that lower blood pressure:
–
–
–
–
depressant drugs
excessive loss of blood
rest
shock
3.01 Understand Diagnostic and
Therapeutic Services
23
Diagnostic Skills:
Height and Weight
Measured if warranted by patient’s age and physical
condition
• Measured routinely:
– on admission to health care facility
– as part of annual physical examination
– each provider visit for children
• Important for evaluation of laboratory tests
and calculation of medications
3.01 Understand Diagnostic and
Therapeutic Services
24
Daily Weights
• used to monitor patients with chronic disease
processes:
–
–
–
–
Hormone disorders
Renal disorders
Heart disease
Cancer
3.01 Understand Diagnostic and
Therapeutic Services
25
Daily Weights
Guidelines for daily weights:
use the same scales at the same time
wearing the same type of clothing
patient voids to empty bladder
Make sure to balance the scales before weighing the
patient.
3.01 Understand Diagnostic and
Therapeutic Services
26
Daily Weights
OBSERVE SAFETY PRECAUTONS!
Prevent injury from falls and the
protruding height lever.
3.01 Understand Diagnostic and
Therapeutic Services
27
Diagnostic Skills:
Measure Visual Acuity
1. Used to measure the ability to see
2. Snellen charts: used to measure
distant vision
3. Ishihara method tests for color
4. Tonometer measures intraocular
pressure
3.01 Understand Diagnostic and
Therapeutic Services
28
Diagnostic Skills:
Measure Visual Acuity
OD – right eye (oculus dexter)
OS – left eye (oculus sinister)
OU – both eyes (oculus uterque)
Myopia – nearsightedness
o defect in distant vision
Hyperopia – farsightedness
o defect in near vision
3.01 Understand Diagnostic and
Therapeutic Services
29