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Transcript
Certification Training
1
Pork Quality Assurance (PQA) Plus®
 Implementing PQA Plus® will help a producer
maintain or create:
 A high quality pork product for the consumer from a food
safety standpoint
 A safe and productive environment for the swine, you and
your employees
 Increase profitability as an efficient and responsible
producer
2
We Care:
 Ethical Principles:
 Produce safe food
 Protect and promote animal well-being
 Ensure practices to protect public health
 Safeguard natural resources
 Provide a work environment that is safe
 Contribute to a better quality of life in
our communities
3
10 Good Production Practices (GPPs)
4
GPP # 1
Use an Appropriate Veterinary/Client/Patient Relationship
(VCPR) as the Basis for Medication Decision Making
5
Objectives for GPP#1
 Describe how a veterinarian is vital to the medication
decision-making process
 Identify the three categories of approved drug distribution
 Define extra-label drug use (ELDU)
 Distinguish examples of legal and illegal ELDU
 Define drug compounding and who can compound drugs
 List examples of residue avoidance practices
6
Veterinarian/Client/Patient Relationship (VCPR)
 The veterinarian:
 Assumes the role of making medical
judgments for animals and owner
 Has sufficient access and knowledge of
the herd/animals
 Is responsible for providing continued
care
 The owner/client/caretaker:
 Follows the veterinarian’s instructions
 Provides access and documentation
7
Veterinarian/Client/Patient Relationship (VCPR)
 Key veterinary activities for a VCPR:
 Development of herd health plan to
include appropriate vaccination and
treatment recommendations
 Direct use of pharmaceutical products
 Extra-Label Drug Use
 Appropriate vaccination use

Participate in record keeping
 Provide information and support in the
case of an adverse event
 Be available to address herd health
changes
8
Extra-label Drug Use - AMDUCA
 Federal Animal Medicinal Drug Use
Clarification Act (AMDUCA) of 1994
 Permits extra-label drug use by
veterinarian with a VCPR
 Risks are increased, extended withdrawal
times may be necessary
 Treatment records should be kept by the
producer for 1 year after the animal is
treated
 Does not include medicated feeds,
including VFD feeds
9
Extra-label Drug Use - Situations
Examples of extra-label use include:
1. Increasing the dosage
2. Changing the frequency or route of
administration
3. Changing the duration of treatment
4. Treating a disease or condition not on the
label
5. Changing species or life stage on the
label
10
Extra-label Drug Use – Keys to Remember
What is required of producers for extralabel use of medications?
 An established VCPR for the herd must
exist
 Records showing the instructions from
the veterinarian directing the extra-label
drug use
 Documentation in the treatment records
showing the application of the
veterinarian’s instructions
11
Distribution and Use of Approved Animal Drugs
 Animal Drug Distribution Methods
 Over-The-Counter (OTC)
 Prescription (Rx)
 Veterinary Feed Directive (VFD)
12
Issues with Compounding Drugs
 Compounding is the mixing of two or
more FDA-approved drugs
 Withdrawal times are difficult to estimate
 AMDUCA also allows a veterinarian with
a VCPR to compound drugs for the client
 Veterinarian assumes responsibility for
safety, efficacy and withdrawal time of
compounded drug
 Producers and distributers of animal
health product may NOT compound
drugs
13
Residue Avoidance and Testing
Residue Avoidance – follow all label
instructions on withdrawal periods and
dosage.
If the residue status of an animal or group
is in doubt, conduct a residue test.
This may be due to:
 ID tags or markings missing
 Accidental animal access to
medicated feed
 Lost or damaged records
Be prepared with a service provider’s
information and emergency response plan
14
“Local News at 5” – Interview Activity
Answer the questions:
 What is extra-label drug use?
 What is required for legal extra-label use?
 Why is the veterinarian vital in making extra-label
use decisions?
15
Sample Test Items for GPP#1
 _____ medications can be purchased by anyone from places such as
farm supply stores, animal health salespersons, catalogs and
veterinary clinics.




A. Over-the-Counter
B. Prescription
C. Extra-label
D. Veterinary Feed Directive
 Using a veterinarian as the basis for medication decision making is
part of a(n) _______.




16
A. FIFRA
B. AMDUCA
C. VCPR
D. USCFR
GPP #2
Establish and Implement an Efficient and Effective Health
Management Plan
17
Objectives for GPP#2
 Identify the four components of a health management plan
 Identify the value of a VCPR
 Summarize the purpose of a herd health plan
 Define biosecurity
 Using an example, examine both external and internal
biosecurity measures
 Recognize effective measures of rodent and pest control
 Identify the plans that should be developed for foreign animal
disease and agroterrorism awareness, reporting, and
prevention
18
Health Management Plan
 Four components of a health
management plan
1. Development of and maintenance of a
Vet-Client Patient Relationship (VCPR)
2. Development of an individualized herd
health plan
3. Development of a herd-level biosecurity
plan
4. Foreign animal disease and agroterrorism prevention
19
1. Development of and Maintenance of a
Vet/Client/Patient Relationship (VCPR)
 Benefits to the producer
 Active involvement in herd health
 Provide a professional outside view
 Opportunity to plan and make informed
management adjustments.
20
2. Development of an
Individualized Herd Health Plan
 Two major purposes
 Address potential and current health
challenges
 Help prevent diseases from entering into
your herd
 Plans may:
 Include periodic health checks
 Be tailored for a herd and/or specific
diseases of interest
21
3. Development of a Herd-level Biosecurity Plan
Biosecurity is a management measure used
to prevent the transmission of diseases and
disease agents on the farm.
 External Biosecurity: keeping disease out
of the herd
 Internal Biosecurity: preventing disease
movement within the herd
 Rodent and Pest Control: preventing
compromise of external and internal
biosecurity measures
22
4. Foreign Animal Disease (FAD) & Agro-terrorism
Awareness, Reporting, and Prevention
 FADs are a very serious concern for the
entire industry and food supply
 Contact your herd veterinarian if you
have questions or concerns
 Know and follow the plans your
operation should have in place to prevent
and report FADs
23
“Call and Answer” Review
 What are the 4 components of a health management
plan?
 Why is a VCPR valuable?
 What is the difference between external and internal
biosecurity? Give an example of each.
 What is FAD and why is it an important issue?
 What are the four elements of rodent and pest
control?
 What is the benefit of a herd health plan?
24
Sample Test Items for GPP#2
 True or False? Through a VCPR, knowing the disease status of
a herd can help your veterinarian create a specific health plan
to help minimize the impact of a disease.
 True
 False
 A herd health plan is designed to address potential and
current health challenges and to help prevent _________ from
entering into your herd.
 A. low performers
 B. flies
 C. diseases
 D. stress
25
GPP #3
Use Antibiotics Responsibly
26
Objectives of GPP#3
 Define the three purposes of antibiotic use in pork production.
 Identify the five principles for responsible antibiotic use.
 Recognize the components of each element.
27
Responsible Use of Antibiotics
The basis for using antibiotics responsibly
during pork production involves evaluating
their use to protect animal health, optimize
effectiveness and minimize the risk of
developing antibiotic resistance, thereby
protecting public health.
28
Antibiotic Purposes
 Three antibiotic purposes:
1. Treatment of Illness
2. Control or Prevention of Disease
3. Improve Nutritional Efficiency
29
Principles for Antibiotic Use
Principle I.
Take appropriate steps to decrease the need for the application
of antibiotics.
Principle II.
Assess the advantages and disadvantages of all uses of
antibiotics.
Principle III.
Use antibiotics only when they provide measurable benefits.
Principle IV.
Fully implement the management practices described for
responsible use of animal health products into daily
operations.
Principle V.
Have a working veterinarian/client/patient relationship and
follow the responsible antibiotic use guidelines.
30
Principle I.
Take appropriate steps to decrease the need for the application
of antibiotics.Principle 1
 Preventive strategies can help decrease
the need for antibiotics
 Biosecurity programs
 Appropriate animal husbandry
 Hygiene
 Routine health monitoring
 Vaccination programs
31
Principle II.
Assess the advantages and disadvantages of all uses of
antibiotics. Principle 2
 Other management options should be
considered
 Treat only as long as needed
 Review the need for continuing
preventative antibiotic therapy
 Consider other impacts of using
antibiotics
32
Principle III.
Use antibiotics only when they provide measurable benefits.
Principle 3 –
 Assess measureable benefits of all uses
of antibiotics
 Assessing measureable benefits of use
for nutritional efficiency should be based
on scientific data
33
Principle IV.
Fully implement the management practices described for
responsible use of animal health products into daily
Principle IV - Compliance
operations.
 Complete PQA Plus® and fully
implement GPPs
 Follow FDA Compliance Policy Guide
615.200
 Provides regulatory guidance for the
development of cases resulting from the
use of animal drugs contrary to label
directions (“off label use") by nonveterinarians in food-producing animals
 Also provides guidance on measures that
can be taken by non-veterinarians to
ensure proper drug use and avoid illegal
residues
34
Principle V.
Have a working veterinarian/client/patient relationship and
follow the responsible antibiotic use guidelines.
Principle V
 Guideline A. Use professional veterinary input as the basis for all
antibiotic decision-making.
 Guideline B. Antibiotics should be used for treatment only when
there is an appropriate clinical diagnosis.
 Guideline C. Limit antibiotic treatment to ill or at-risk animals,
treating the fewest animals indicated.
 Guideline D. Antibiotics that are important in treating antibiotic
resistant infections in human or veterinary medicine should be used
in animals only after careful review and reasonable justification.
 Guideline E. Mixing together injectable or water medications,
including antibiotics, by producers is illegal.
 Guideline F: Minimize environmental exposure through proper
handling and disposal of all animal health products, including
antibiotics.
35
“Antibiotics Scenarios” Review
 Review the scenario on each card and
identify which principle best applies to the
situation.
 As a group be ready to discuss your
response.
36
Sample Test Items for GPP#3
 The basis for using antibiotics responsibly during pork
production involves evaluating their use to protect animal
health, optimize effectiveness, and:
 A. Minimize the risk of developing antibiotic resistance
 B. Elimination of all bacteria on the farm
 C. Decrease the effectiveness of future antibiotic use
 D. Improve meat color and firmness
 True or False? The following is a principle for antibiotic use:
Use antibiotics as often as possible to ensure maximum
benefit.
 A. True
 B. False
37
GPP #4
Properly Store and Administer Animal Health Products
38
Objectives of GPP#4
 Identify the responsibilities of properly administering products
 Determine the key components of drug labels and why this
information is vital
 Identify how to properly maintain drug inventory and usage
records
 Identify the three methods of administering medications
 Distinguish between the five methods of injectable medication
 Discuss the key elements for a needle standard operating
procedure (SOP)
39
Responsibilities of Properly Administering
Animal Health Products
1. Read, understand and follow label directions
when giving any medication.
2. Devise a medication record and animal or
group ID system that enables all caretakers to
know the medication status of animals
prepared for harvest.
3. Identify all treated animals.
4. Keep records for making judgments about
marketing animals that have been treated.
5. Use medication records to determine that
withdrawal times have been completed.
40
Parts of a Drug Label
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
41
Trade name
Active ingredient
Indications
Dosage and directions for use
Precautions
Warnings
Withdrawal times
Manufacturer’s lot number
Expiration date
Drug Inventory and Storage
 Keep and maintain a drug inventory.
 Follow drug storage instruction
 Avoid the practice of withdrawing an
injectable medication from the original
glass vial and storing it in a syringe for
later use
42
Administering Medication
 Orally- Given through the mouth, and can
be mixed with water and/or feed
 Topically - Application to skin
 Injection – Five possible options
43
Five Methods of Injectable Administration
 In the muscle (intramuscular – IM)
 Under the skin (subcutaneous – SQ)
 In the abdominal cavity (intraperitoneal –
IP)
 In the vein (intravenous – IV)
 In the nasal passages (intranasal – IN)
44
Standard Operating Procedure (SOP)
for Needle Breakage
 Needle breakage is an important issue for
the industry.
 You should have an SOP addressing this
issue.
 Considerations:
Broken needle prevention plan
2. Identification of animals that are at risk
or carrying a broken needle
3. Communication with your packer
4. Disposal of sharps
1.
45
“Be the Trainer” Exercise
 Once assigned a group and SOP consideration,
read the practices in the GPP handbook and
be ready to share three key points and an
example with the other groups.
1. Broken needle prevention plan
2. Identification of animals that are at risk or
carrying a broken needle
3. Communications with your packer
4. Disposal of sharps
46
Sample Test Items for GPP#4
 Where can the producer readily locate precautions and
warnings related to antibiotic withdrawal times?
 A. Pork Safety Handbook
 B. All of the responses are correct
 C. The sow card
 D. The product label
 _____ medications are those that are given through the
mouth.
 A. Injectable
 B. Topical
 C. Oral
 D. Prescription
47
GPP #5
Following Proper Feed Processing Protocols
48
Objectives of GPP#5
 Identify the goals of feed manufacturing
 Differentiate between the cGMP guidelines for medicated and
non-medicated feeds
 Explain the special consideration regarding the feeding of
ruminant-derived products
 Using an example, explain the considerations when calculating
the amount of medicated feed to add to the mixer
49
Goals of Feed Manufacturing
 Meets specifications for nutritional
composition
 Meets the desired medication level, if
appropriate
 Is free of contaminants, or contaminants
are below established tolerances or
action levels
50
Current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP)
 Provide reasonable assurance that the feed is
manufactured accurately
 There are cGMPs for all feeds and additional
cGMPs for medicated feeds.
 General Categories:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
51
Buildings and grounds
Equipment
Workspace and storage
Quality control
Labeling
Recordkeeping
Employee Training
Additional Keys on Feed Processing Protocols
 Ruminant-derived products

Measures must be taken to keep cattle,
sheep, goats and other ruminants from
having access to hog feed if it might contain
ruminant-derived products.
 Mixing medicated feed

Proper drug concentrations are important to:
 Achieve desired benefits of the drug
 Prevent adverse health effects or violative
residues
 Recordkeeping

52
Producers retain records for two years from
date of order. Veterinarians keep VFD order 2
years after animal is treated.
“Highlight the Differences” Review
Highlight two additional requirements in the
cGMPs for medicated feeds.
 Use the GPP handbook
 Work with a partner
 Research and report on the area(s) assigned to
you by the trainer:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
53
Equipment
Workspace and storage
Quality control
Labeling
Recordkeeping
Sample Test Items for GPP#5
 One goal of feed manufacturing is to meet the specifications
for ______________ needed for animal growth and
development.
 A. exercise requirement
 B. safe handling
 C. nutritional composition
 D. identification procedures
 A set of guidelines for processing medicated feed is known as:
 A. cGMPs
 B. Linder Guidelines
 C. PTSDRs
 D. ABCs of Medicated Feed
54
GPP #6
Establish Effective Swine Identification, Medication Records
and Withdrawal Times
55
Objectives of GPP#6
 Determine the importance of having an effective identification
plan
 Identify the three key components of the Swine ID Plan
 Discuss why medication records are important
 Determine the key elements of maintaining mediation records
and the key information for tracking treatments
 Define withdrawal time
 Calculate a withdrawal time
 Determine additional sources, other than the label, of drug
use information
56
Swine Identification
 Records are critical to ensuring animal
health and integrity of food supply
 Without identification, record keeping is
nearly impossible
 Swine ID Plan
 Initiative for industry standards with
three key components:
 Premises identification
 Animal identification
 Animal tracing
57
Swine ID, Key Component #1:
Premises Identification
 Registering a location of where livestock
are:
 Raised
 Housed
 Pass through
during commerce
 Locations are given a standardized
7-digit PIN number
58
Swine ID, key component #2:
individual identification
 Animals must be identified individually or as
part of a group or lot.
 Breeding animals entering harvest channels
must have individual ear tags bearing the
location PIN
 While on-farm, individual animals may be
identified with:





59
ID cards
Paint marks
Tattoos
Ear tags
Ear notches
Swine ID, Key Component #3:
Animal Tracing
 Accomplished by keeping and maintaining
animal movement records





animal's or group's identification
number
PIN of the sending and receiving premises
the date of movement
number of head moved
the reason for movement
 Must be maintained three years
after animal leaves premises
 consistent with 9CFR 71.19 and Swine ID
program standards
60
Medication Records
 Primary reason: to make sure
withdrawal times have elapsed before
marketing animals.
 Provide documentation that
demonstrates a drug was used
properly
 Assure packers of proper procedures
 Can be a useful management tool
 Records must be kept for 12 months
following last day of treatment
61
FDA Compliance Policy Guide
(CPG 7125.37)
Minimum expectations of medical
records, per FDA guidance
Suggested medical records with
additional information
62
Withdrawal Times
 The withdrawal time is the period
required for the medication to be
metabolized, broken-down, or excreted
so that the level remaining in the body of
the animal is below the level established
as safe for humans.
 With withdrawal times, consider:
 Calculating withdrawal time
 Other sources of drug information
 Medication information such as
compatibility
63
Scenario Review
 A drug with a 3-day withdrawal time is
administered to pen of pigs through medicated
feed. You last filled the feeders with medicated
feed at 7 a.m. on Tuesday. At 3 p.m. on Friday you
are asked if that pen is cleared to be shipped for
harvest. What is your response?
 A drug with a 5-day withdrawal is administered by
IM injection at 4 p.m. on Wednesday, September
10. You are completing the medical record. What
is the date and time you enter in the field,
“Withdrawal Time Completed?”
64
Sample Test Items for GPP#6
 A swine identification plan should include ___________.
 A. Premises identification
 B. Animal identification
 C. All of the responses are correct
 D. Animal tracing
 The minimum standards of medication and treatment records
defined by the FDA require ______ to be documented.
 A. The date of administration
 B. The expected market weight of the animal treated
 C. From whom the drug was purchased
 D. All of the responses are correct
65
GPP #7
Environmental Stewardship
66
Objectives of GPP#7
 Identify the key environmental management practices
 Discuss the key elements for each environmental management
practice
67
Implementation of Environmental Practices
The goal of environmental stewardship is to
protect our natural resources (water, air
and land) in all of our production practices.
 General site conditions
 Buildings
 Manure Management
 Mortality
 Emergency action plan
 Inspections
68
“Draw and Describe” Review
 Review the list of Environmental
Management Practices listed in GPP#7
 Choose one and using the notecard on
your table draw a picture that represents
that practice
 In small groups, go around and guess the
practice depicted in each person’s drawing
69
Sample Test Items for GPP#7
 True or False? The goal of environmental stewardship is to
protect our natural resources (water, air and land) in all of our
production practices.
 A. True
 B. False
 Which of the following is an environmental management
practice area?
 A. Employee performance management
 B. Manure management
 C. Feed manufacturing
 D. All of the responses are correct
70
GPP #8
Workplace Safety
71
Objectives of GPP#8
 Determine how every individual involved in the operation is
responsible for a safe workplace
 Discuss the four steps to controlling on farm hazards.
 Identify the essential elements of an adequate emergency
action plan.
 Identify key prevention techniques for each major safety area
 Assess the safety procedures to determine if the plan is
adequate enough to prevent a workplace accident
72
Safety is Everyone’s Responsibility
For a safety program to work, it has to be
everyone’s responsibility. If any person does
not take personal responsibility for working
in and maintaining a safe work area, that
person puts himself and others at risk.
 Everyone working in the barn
 Owners/operating managers
 Production managers
73
Controlling hazards
Most
preferred
Four basic strategies, in order of preference:
74
 Eliminating the hazard from the method,
the material, the facility or the machine
 Abating the hazard by limiting exposure
or controlling it at its source
 Training personnel to be aware of the
hazard and to follow safe work
procedures to avoid it
 Prescribing personal protective
equipment (PPE) for protecting
employees against the hazard
Emergency Action Plan (EAP)
 An emergency action plan (EAP) will
prepare producers to take immediate
action when someone is hurt, a fire
starts, tornados are imminent or other
foreseeable crisis situations
 At minimum, an EAP should include:
 Telephone numbers for owner,
veterinarian, electric power company,
fire and police
 Address of the facility
75
“Can I Get Your Attention?” Activity
 Review the list of safety procedures and plans in the
Training Manual (GPP #8) and identify three areas that
should get more attention in your building.
Fire prevention and safety
Hearing health and safety
Lockout/Tagout program
Personal protective equipment
Respiratory health and safety
Hazard communication plan
Machine guarding
76
Electrical safety
Slips, trips and falls
Safe lifting
Personal hygiene
Needle sticks and cuts
Safe animal handling
Sample Test Items for GPP#8
 True or False? An emergency action plan (EAP), at minimum,
must include the address of the facility.
 A. True
 B. False
 The most preferred strategy for controlling workplace hazards
is to __________ the hazard from the method, material, the
facility, or machine.
 A. attempt to avoid
 B. maximize
 C. eliminate
 D. increase
77
GPP #9
Provide Proper Swine Care to Improve Well-being
78
Objectives of GPP#9
 Identify the main types of recordkeeping to help ensure animal well-
being
 Explain the main components of each
 Perform and document daily observations of animals in their care
 Describe the farms emergency action plan
 Operate the site’s emergency backup system
 Determine the thermal comfort of pigs in their care
 Explain the importance of good air quality for the health and well-
being of the animal
 Identify the maintenance required for pens, floors, alleyways, chute,
feeders, and waterers
 Describe the different body condition scores
79
Objectives of GPP#9, cont.
 List the factors that constitute adequate body space
 Identify the main elements of animal evaluation
 Explain the main components of each
 Identify the key elements of a euthanasia plan
 Identify the practices/techniques for a humane euthanasia
 Define timely euthanasia
 Recognize common instinctive behaviors of swine
 Determine proper handling practices and techniques for various size
and stages of swine development
 Discuss the factors that constitute willful acts of abuse
80
Ethical Responsibility for Well-Being
Every caretaker has an ethical responsibility to protect and
promote the well-being of the pigs in his or her care by:
 Providing feed, water and an environment that promotes the
well-being of our animals.
 Providing proper care, handling and transportation for pigs at
each stage of life.
 Protecting pig health and providing appropriate treatment,
including veterinary care when needed.
 Using approved practices to euthanize, in a timely manner,
those sick or injured pigs that fail to respond to care and
treatment.
81
Recordkeeping for Swine Well-being
1. Veterinary/Client/Patient Relationship (VCPR)
2. Medication and treatment records (at
minimum)







82
The animal(s) that were treated – animals
can be identified as a group when multiple
animals are treated.
The date(s) of treatment, including last date
of administration.
The drug(s) administered.
The route of administration.
The name or initials of the person who
administered each drug.
The amount of each drug administered.
The withdrawal time prior to harvest.
Recordkeeping for Swine Well-being, cont.
3. Caretaker training program including:
 Euthanasia
 Animal handling
 Husbandry
4. Documented Daily Observations:
 Feed and water availability
 Seriously ill, non-ambulatory or dead
animals
 Treatment Pen
83
Emergency Support

Written emergency action plan (EAP)



Emergency detection system



Alarms for power failure, drastic temperature
changes
Facility location may allow for visual detection
Emergency backup system


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Covers various emergencies – fire, weather,
power outage, etc…
Should include: Address of facility and
telephone numbers for owner, veterinarian,
electrical power company, fire and police
Automated intervention in the event of a
mechanical ventilation failure
Test backup system regularly
Ventilation
 Air Quality
 Control contaminants: dust, ammonia and others
 Temperature Control
 Pig behavior is a good indicator of thermal comfort
 Heating/cooling provisions should accommodate needs
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Facilities
Pens, Floors & Alleys
 Should be in proper
working order and not
cause injury
 If more than 1% of animals
fall during handling, a
problem needs corrected
 Broken or missing cleats
should be repaired or
replaced
 Moving parts should be
inspected and maintained
regularly
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Chutes
Basic Needs-Feed & Water
 Out-of-feed events can
Feeders
negatively impact pigs’ wellbeing
 Feed should be readily
available to reduce
competition and fighting
 Both flow and quality are
critical to well-being
 Must be in good state of
repair, not cause injury,
and be readily available
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Waterers
Body Condition Score (BCS)
 Key indicator of management and animal well-being
1
88
2
3
4
5
Score
Condition
Detection of ribs, backbone, “H”
bones, and pin bones
1
Emaciated
Obvious
2
Thin
Easily detected with pressure
3
Ideal
Barely felt with firm pressure
4
Fat
None
5
Overly fat
None
Taken from
“Assessing Sow Body
Condition” by
R.D.Coffey, G.R.
Parker, and K.M.
Laurent (ASC-158;
1999)
Body Space – Requirements
 Easily lie down fully on its side (full
lateral recumbency) without having to
lie on another pig and be able to easily
stand back up.
 Lie down without the head having to
rest on a raised feeder.
 A pig housed in a stall must be able to lie
down fully on its side and easily stand
back up without the head having to rest
on a raised feeder and the rear quarters
coming in contact with the back of the
stall at the same time.
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Animal Evaluation
 Production Performance
 Average Daily Gain
 Farrowing Rate
 Mortality
 Physical Evaluation
 Lameness
 Skin lesions (abscesses, wounds)
 Shoulder sores
 Rectal prolapses
 Hernias
 Swine Behavior
 Tail Biting
 Fear in presence of people
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Euthanasia
 Timely euthanasia
 Goal: minimize animal pain or distress
 Definitions of “timely” based on situation
 No prospect for recovery after two days of intensive care
 Severely injured or non-ambulatory pigs with the inability to
recover
 Immobilized with body condition score of 1
 Pigs with large hernias that touch the ground or cause
difficulty walking
 Requires trained personnel and functional equipment
 Should have a written euthanasia plan that is easily
accessible
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Safe Animal Handling – Overview
 Proven pig-handling and movement
practices will contribute to good wellbeing of the pig and a safe work
environment for the handler.
 Many negative consequences when pigs are
improperly handled
 Swine well-being
 Productivity
 Food product quality
 Worker safety
 Know animal instincts and use proper
handling procedures
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Safe Animal Handling – Instincts: Flight Zone
 Flight Zone
 Point of Balance
 Blind Spot
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Safe Animal Handling – Instincts:
Following & Herding
 Pigs like to
 Stay in visual/physical contact
 Follow each other
 An advantage when moving pigs
 Up or down ramp/chute
 Through hallway/alleyway
 Into or out of a pen or room
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Safe Animal Handling – Instincts:
Reacting to Changes in the Environment
 Pigs typically slow, stop or change
direction when they encounter
something new or unfamiliar
 Handler’s intentions are not instinctively
understood
 Pigs experiencing regular, positive
interactions with people are typically
 Less fearful of handlers
 Easier to handle
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Proper Handling

Handlers should:





Aggressive handling includes things such as:






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Act calmly
Avoid sudden movement, loud noises, other
distractions
Move pigs at their normal walking pace
Avoid aggressive handling
Overuse, or improper use, of electric prods
Loud noises and yelling
Moving pigs too fast
Moving too many pigs per group
Overcrowding them in chutes, ramps and
alleyways
Rough physical contact
Proper Handling Key Points
 Piglets should not be tossed or thrown,
this is considered mishandling
 Piglets should be picked up under the rib
cage or by grabbing the rear leg above
the hock
 Pigs should be moved in groups large
enough to be efficient for the system but
small enough to be safe for pigs and
handlers
 Willful acts of neglect or abuse are
unacceptable
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“Handling Pigs of Various Types and
Sizes” Activity
Find and list 3-5 additional key points that you think
are critical for new hires to know.
 Breeding Stock
 Piglets
 Nursery and Finisher Pigs
 Group Sizes
 Non-ambulatory Pigs
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Tools and Equipment
 Tools as
 Physical barrier (e.g., sorting board)
 Visual barrier (e.g., matador’s cape)
 Auditory stimulus (e.g., rattle/shaker paddle)
 Visual stimulus (e.g., nylon flag)
 Use the right tool for the right situation
 Electric prods should be a last resort
 Avoid or minimize use
 Never prod sensitive areas
 Should not be the primary handling tool
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Willful Acts of Abuse
Willful acts of neglect or abuse are unacceptable and
are not tolerable
 Willful abuse and neglect are defined as acts outside accepted
production practices that intentionally cause pain and suffering
including, but not limited to:
 Intentionally applying prods to sensitive parts of the animal such
as the eyes, ears, nose, genitals, or rectum.
 Malicious hitting, kicking, or beating of an animal.
 Purposeful failure to provide minimal food, water, and care that
results in significant harm or death to animals.
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Sample Test Items for GPP#9
 The best way to fully assess the pigs’ environment and health
is to ____________.
 A. have a plan for medical treatments
 B. conduct annual performance reviews
 C. conduct daily observations
 D. ensure automatic monitoring systems are functioning
 Keeping waterers and feeders in proper maintenance is key in
allowing adequate space in order to ___________.
 A. decrease competition
 B. increase competition
 C. decrease body temperature
 D. increase body temperature
101
GPP #10
Utilize Tools for Continuous Improvement
102
Objectives of GPP#10
 Determine the role caretaker training plays in animal well-
being and herd health
 Identify the steps of the PTSDR method
 Recognize the elements of documenting training
 Describe how the animal well-being assessment works
 State how an action plan is used to improve animal well-being
and production practices
 Summarize how the third-party evaluation process operates
103
Training Animal Caretakers
 Continuous improvement
 Advances in science and technology
 Updated Good Production Practices
 Caretaker training contributes to animal
well-being . Examples from this session:
 Medical treatment records
 Animal evaluation
 Feed processing protocols
 Husbandry, handling and euthanasia
 Many other benefits of training
104
PTSDR: An Effective Training Method
P T S D R
repare
ell
how
o
eview
Focus on the objectives to achieve with a training program
Share the information needed to complete the task
Demonstrate how to complete a specific task
Allow individuals to practice the task
Evaluate performance and give useful feedback
 Note: All training of animal caretakers should be documented
105
Conducting Animal Well-being Assessments
 Conduct a PQA Plus Site Assessment to
set benchmarks and measure animal
well-being
 Review results with your veterinarian
and/or PQA Plus Advisor
 Complete a PQA Plus site assessment
every three years
 Complete an internal site assessment
annually
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Develop and Implement an Action Plan
 Once a site assessment occurs, develop
an action plan to address areas needed
for improvement/correction
 For areas that can be addressed relatively
quickly, document what action was taken
to correct the issue.
 For areas that require extra capital or
time to correct, document a detailed
description of how you plan to correct
the issue and a timeline for expected
implmentation.
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Verification
 3rd Party evaluations (audits)
 Evaluator should have no conflict of interest
 Auditor role is not advisory
 The PQA Plus third-party
verification is an
evaluation of the
effectiveness and
implementation of the
PQA Plus program principles
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Sample Test Items for GPP#10
 True or False? Caretakers that are trained on how to look for
trends in medical records of animals can help identify
strategies to improve herd health.
 A. True
 B. False
 In which stage of the PTSDR method does the trainer discuss
the information needed in order to complete the task?
 A. Prepare
 B. Show
 C. Do
 D. Tell
109
Thank you!
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