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Cultural Anthropology
Ethnography
Ethnology
Social Anthropology
Linguistics
Ethnography
(ethnos, a people+graphos, a writing)
An attempt to give an accurate, objective,
valid, reliable account of the way of life
of a specific group of people.
This is the basic descriptive level of cultural
anthropology.
Participant Observation is major feature.
Laura Tamakoshi’s (above) work in New Guinea is another.
Margaret Mead’s work with the Samoans is a good example.
(Margaret Mead also worked in New Guinea.)
Ethnology
(ethnos, people+logos, word)
An attempt to give an accurate, objective,
valid, reliable account of the way of life
of a larger set of people.
A higher level of generalization….
E.B. Tylor
The Science of Culture.
Ethnologists try to find patterns of behavior that
are common to the various groups under
investigation.
The Comparative Method is an important tool.
Cultural Universals…cultural traits manifest in
kinship systems
religion
some way in all cultures under study. language
Social Anthropology
Area of anthropology most
like sociology.
Differs mainly on areas of emphasis
and the professional identification
of the individual.
Social Anthropology
Social
anthropologists
been
Sociologists
have been have
concerned
concerned
mainly
with
mainly
with
own
society.
Kinship and Descent
traditional society.
Social Anthropology
Kinship and descent are
Cultural Universals.
Genealogical Space
– Space that contains all human beings.
Social Anthropology
Genealogical Space
Descent
Males
Females
Marriage
affinal
consanguineal
Generation
consanguineal
Social Anthropology
The investigation of kinship terminology begins with a
distinction between kin types and kin terms.
Kin types refer to the basic uncategorized relationships that
anthropologists use to describe the actual contents of kinship
categories. They are supposedly culture free, etic components.
Kin terms are the labels for categories of kin that include one or
more kin types. They are emic structures and vary across cultures.
Social Anthropology
Kin Types
Primary components and letter symbols
Mother [M]
Father [F]
Sister [Z]
Brother [B]
Daughter [D]
Son [S]
Husband [H]
Wife [W]
Social Anthropology
Social Anthropology
Social Anthropology
Rules of Descent
Bilineal (Bilateral)
Unilineal
Matrilineal
Patrilineal
Social Anthropology
Bilineal
Eskimo Kinship
Similar to “American” system
Social Anthropology
Matrilineal
Social Anthropology
Patrilineal
Social Anthropology
Comparison of Patrilineal with Matrilineal Descent
Patrilineal
Matrilineal
Strong marriage
Brittle marriage
Patrilocal residence
Matrilocal residence
Strict sex rules
Lax sex rules
No marriage rule
X-cousin marriage
Prescribed
Proscribed
Social Anthropology
Rules of Residence
Neolocal
Associated with bilineal descent
Matrilocal
Associated with matrilineal descent
Patrilocal
Associated with patrilineal descent
Ambilocal
Associated with bilineal descent
Social Anthropology
Forms of
Marriage
Rules
of Marriage
Monogamy
Endogamy
- Marriage within group
One spouse
Polygamy
Exogamy
- Marriage
outside group
Multiple
spouses
Polygyny
Multiple wives
Polyandry
Multiple husbands
Social Anthropology
Family
relatives
Nuclear families
Extended families
Four functions of families
Nurturance
Sex control
Economic foundation
Enculturation
Linguistics
Study of Language
Language is a system of vocal symbols
by means of which human beings interact in
terms of their culture.
Linguistics
!Kung
Study of Language
The three S’s of language:
Sound
No
Phonology,
languagePhonetics,
uses all sounds
Phonemics
Phonemes
“packets” of similar
humans
can-make.
sounds recognized as same sound.
Shape
Grammar;
- of
rules
to put
Morpheme
-syntax
basic
of sound
Morphology
stydyunit
shape
of to
sounds
togetherhas been attached.
which
meaning
language
Sense
All languages
make
sense(meaning).
to the
Semantics
study
of
sense
Sapir-Whorf
peopleHypothesis
who use them…They
are equal in this regard.
Linguistics
Chronemics
Olfactics
Haptics
Kinesics
Proxemics
Oculesics
In many other cultures, time is
Time
The study
in USof
is meanings,
a sequence….a
usagecommodity
time is experienced polychronically
to
be communication
spent, used, wasted….
and
of time.
rather than sequentially.
Concerned with systems of smell
Communication through the skin….i.e.
Touching by Ashley Montague
Bodily movement, facial expression, etc.
Ray Birdwhistell is pioneer
Communication by use of space….
Edward T. Hall’s work, for example
Communication involving the eyes
Includes paralanguage…
It’s not what you say, it’s
Metalanguage/Vocalics
the way you say it.