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Kingdom Animalia
Chapter 23 and 24
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Characteristics of Animals
 Multicellular
and usually organized
into tissues -> organs -> or organ
systems
 Heterotrophs
 Require oxygen to perform aerobic
respiration
 Cells lack a cell wall
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 Most
are motile at some point in the
life cycle
 Life cycle includes some sort of
embryonic development
 Most reproduce sexually (some
asexually)
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How animals are grouped
Animals
can be placed in
separate groups based on the
following characteristics:
1. Body plan symmetry
2. Number of tissue layers
3. Developmental patterns
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Body Plan Symmetry
Bilateral
Symmetry
 Organisms
can be
divided equally
along only one
plane, which splits
an animal into
mirror-image sides
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Body Plan Symmetry
Radial Symmetry
 Body
parts are
arranged around in a
circle around a
central axis
 No clear front or rear
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Bilateral Body Regions
Bilateral animals have distinct
1.Heads (anterior)
2.Tail (posterior)
3.Back (dorsal)
4.Belly (ventral)
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Bilateral animals have 3 layers
of tissue (triploblastic):
Ectoderm-outer layer that develops
into both the skin, brain, and the
nervous system.
2) Endoderm-inner layer that lines
the animal’s gut.
3) Mesoderm-middle layer that
develops into internal tissues and
organs.
1)
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Most radial animals have two
layers of tissue
1)Inner endoderm
2)Outer ectoderm
 Because
they lack mesoderm,
they lack complex internal tissues
and organs
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 Each
group, or phylum, of
animals has a unique body plan
and represents a different way
that a multicellular animal is put
together.
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Unique body Plans
Vertebrate
An animal with an
internal segmented
backbone
Make up less than
5% of all known
animal species
Invertebrate
 An animal without
a backbone
 Make up more than
95% of all known
animal species
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Developmental Patterns-First
Opening
Protosomes

Animals in which the mouth is formed first
and the anus second.

Members of phylums Platyhelminthe, Nematoda,
Mollusca, Annelida, Arthropoda
Deuterostomes

Animals in which the anus is formed first
and the mouth second.

Members of phylums Echinodermata and Chordata
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Developmental Patterns-Type
of Gut
Gut-tubular or saclike region in the body in
which food is digested, then absorbed into
the internal environment.
1) Sac-like guts have one opening (a mouth)
2) Other guts are parts of a complete digestive
system which consists of two openings-a
mouth and a anus
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Developmental Patterns-Body
Cavities
Coelom- a type of body cavity.
–True coelom – body cavity is completely lined
with mesoderm (coelomates)
–Pseudocoelom – coelom is not completely lined
by tissue derived from mesoderm
(pseudocoelomates)
–Acoelomates – lack a body cavity entirely
Importance: favored increases in size and activity
by cushioning and protecting internal organs.
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Phylums of Invertebrate
Animals
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Key for chart
 Reproduction
 S = Sexual
AS = Asexual
 Symmetry
 B = Bilateral
R = Radial
 First Opening
 D = Deuterostome
P = Protosome
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1-Phylum Porifera
 Members: Sponges
 Can reproduce sexually or asexually
(budding)
 no symmetry, no tissues or organs.
Other information:
 unable to move (sessile) from where they
are attached
 Mostly live in salt water
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2-Phylum Cnidaria
 Members: Jellyfish, hydra, coral, sea anemones
 Reproduce sexually (medusas) or asexually (polyp)
 Radially symmetrical; 2 layers of tissues; no coelom
Other information:
 Have nematocysts – “stinging darts”
 Can move
 2 body forms-medusas (Bell shaped) and polyp
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3-Phylum Platyhelminthes
 Members: Flatworms-Turbellarians, Flukes, and
Tapeworms
 Reproduce sexually or asexually
 Bilaterally symmetrical, 3 layers of tissues, no
coelom
Other information:
 Parasites
 Shape due to no circulatory system
 Most are hermaphrodites with male and female
parts
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4-Phylum Nematoda
 Members: Roundworms
 Reproduce sexually
 3 layers of tissue; Bilaterally symmetrical;
pseudocoelom
Other information:
 Covered in a tough cuticle
 Have a complete digestive system
 Most are free-living, with few parasitic species
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5-Phylum Mollusca
 Members: Octopus, squid, clams,
scallops, snails, slugs, oysters
 Reproduce-Sexually or asexually
 3 layers of tissue; bilaterly symmetrical;
coelom
Other information:
 Most have a hard shell with a soft body
 Have well developed organ systems
 Have a brain
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6-Phylum Annelida
 Members: earth worms, marine worms,
leeches
 Reproduce either sexually or asexually
(fragmentation)
 3 layers of tissue; bilaterly symmetrical;
coelom
Other information:
 Consist of segmented bodies
 Many have setae (small hair like bristles) to
help them move through soil
 Have a complete gut, rudimentary brain
(with nerve cord), and circulatory system 22
7-Phylum Arthropoda
 Members: Insects, crabs, lobsters, crayfish,
arachnids, centipedes, millipedes
 Reproduce - Sexually
 3 layers of tissue; bilaterly symmetrical;
coelom
Other information:
 Hardened exoskeletons -Jointed appendages
 Respiratory Structures -Sensory Structures
 Division of labor
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8-Phylum Echinodermata
 Members: Sea urchins, star fish, sea
biscuits, sand dollar, sea lilies
 Reproduce sexually
 3 layers of tissue; radialy symmetrical;
coelom
Other information:
 Well developed skeleton made of calcium
carbonate plates
 No brain, but nervous system is present
 Water vascular system to deliver water to
tube feet for movement
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Class Arachnida
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Class Insecta
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Class Crustacea
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AMPHIBIAN
FISH
MAMMAL
BIRD
REPTILE
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Includes
some invertebrates
and ALL vertebrates
All are bilateral symmetrical
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1)
Notochord-flexible skeletal support rod that
supports the body
2)
3)
4)
Nerve cord-develops into the nervous system
and brain
Pharyngeal slits-slits in the walls of the
pharynx for feeding, respiration, or both.
Tail-extends beyond the anal opening and
contains segments of muscle tissue for
movement
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1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
Agnatha-jawless fish
Chondrichthyes- cartilaginous fish
Osteichthyes- bony fish
Amphibia- amphibians
Reptilia- reptiles
Aves- birds
Mammalia –mammals
Placodermi-jawed, armored fish *
Of the 8 classes of vertebrates, one class
(Placoderms) is extinct.
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Reproduction
S
= Sexual
Symmetry
 B = Bilateral
First Opening
 D = Deuterostome
AS = Asexual
R = Radial
P = Protosome
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Members:
jawless fish-hagfishes, lampreys
Characteristics:
Cylindrical body, a cartilaginous skeleton,
and no paired fins.
Have sensory tentacles
Secrete a sticky, smelly, slimy mucus
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Members:
skates, sharks, rays,
chimaeras
Characteristics:
Marine predators
Have pronounced fins, a skeleton of
cartilage, and 5-7 gill slits
Powerful swimmers, good eyesight,
excellent sense of smell
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Members:
sea horse, soldier fish, perch,
gar, eel, salmon, tuna, catfish, minnows
Characteristics:
Most numerous (@96%) and diverse
vertebrates
Have skeletons made of bone
Most have highly maneuverable fins and
light, flexible scales
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 Members:
frogs, toads, salamanders, caecilians
Characteristics:
 most live in damp habitats where their moist skin
supplements their lungs for gas exchange.
 have limbs and feet to support the weight of their
body
 Young -breath with gills; adults- breathe through
lungs.
 Ectothermic
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 Members:
snakes, lizards, turtles, tortoises, alligators,
crocodiles, tuataras
Characteristics:
 live everywhere except in cold regions.
 Strong, bony skeletons and toes with claws
 Dry, scaly skin, almost watertight
 Respiration through well-developed lungs
 Produce an amniotic egg
 Ectothermic metabolism
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 Members:
birds
Characteristics:
have
wings for flight
are covered with feathers.
have scales on their legs
lay amniotic eggs that hatch in their nest
well developed respiratory and circulatory
system
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 Members:
wide range of animals: ape, lions,
kangaroos, bats, and etc.
Characteristics:
 Some
hair
 Diverse and specialized teeth
 Endothermic metabolism
 Mammary glands that produce milk
 Unborn young usually nourished inside the
mother (placenta)
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 Mammals
1)
2)
3)
4)
have 4 kinds of teeth
Incisors-nip or cut food
CaninesPremolars
molars
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 Monotremes-mammals
that lay eggs
 Examples: duck-billed platypus and
echidna
 Marsupials-mammals that give birth to
underdeveloped young that continue to
grow inside the mother’s pouch.
 Examples: kangaroos, opossums
Eutherian(placenta)-give
birth to
live young that completely
developed inside the mother.
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