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Lab 8:
Animals II: Non-molting and
Molting Protostomes
Phylum Mollusca - Mollusks
•
Non-molting
•
unsegmented
•
muscular foot (may be highly modified)
•
mantle – membrane present in all; in most,
secretes and maintains one or two calcerous valves
(shells)
•
most have a radula (rasping tongue with chitinous
teeth)
Phylum Mollusca - Mollusks
•
diverse group, over 100,000 living species (2nd
ranking in number among animal phyla)
•
of 7 classes, 4 classes covered in lab:
•
Polyplacophora (chitons)
•
Gastropoda (gastropods) – snails, slugs, and
nudibranchs (sea slugs)
•
Bivalvia (bivalves) – scallops, oysters, clams, etc.
•
Cephalopoda (cephalopods) – octopuses, squid,
cuttlefish, etc.
Phylum Mollusca - Mollusks
•
Video: The Shape of Life: Episode 6 – Survival
Game (Molluscs)
•
body plan
•
radula
•
octopus camouflage
Task A-1:
•
Phylum Mollusca
examine the preserved specimens in the mollusk box
and on display, note the following:
• Polyplacophora – chiton (display only):
• gills
• mantle
• foot
Task A-1:
•
Phylum Mollusca
examine the preserved specimens in the mollusk box
and on display, note the following:
• Gastropoda – snail and slug:
• coiled valve (snail) or no valve (slug)
• broad, flat foot
Task A-1:
•
Phylum Mollusca
examine the preserved specimens, note the following:
•
Bivalvia – clam:
Task A-1:
•
Phylum Mollusca
examine the preserved specimens, note the following:
•
Cephalopoda – squid:
•
muscular foot with tentacles (with suction
discs)
•
thick mantle but no external shell (true for
most cephalopods)
•
excurrent siphon (for jet propulsion)
•
large eyes
Phylum Nematoda – roundworms
•
molting (ecdysis) – periodic shedding of protective
cuticle so that organism can grow or change
•
pseudocoelomate
•
complete digestive system
•
dioecious
•
longitudinal muscles for movement
•
many are free-living, but many are parasites
•
very common in soil
Task B-1:
Phylum Nematoda
•
examine the preserved specimens in the Nematoda
box
•
prepare and examine a slide with live vinegar eels;
note their movement, powered by longitudinal
muscles
•
examine Ascaris cross section slide; note structures
from figure 8-3
Phylum Arthropoda – arthropods
•
“joint-foot” – jointed appendages
•
segmented – often with some fusing and distinctive
regions (details later); very distinct cephalization
•
exoskeleton containing chitin; used for protection,
and for muscle attachments
•
molting (ecdysis) – shedding of exoskeleton for
growth; new exoskeleton later hardens
Phylum Arthropoda – arthropods
•
very diverse group and successful group
•
over 1 million named species, by far the most
species of any phylum (in fact, 2/3 of ALL
named species)
•
estimates are as high as 30 million living species
unnamed
•
most of the species (well over half) are insects
Phylum Arthropoda – arthropods
•
focus on both subphyla and classes for tests
•
4 subphyla, 6 selected classes to cover
•
Subphylum Cheliceriformes
•
Subphylum Myriapoda
•
Subphylum Crustacea
•
Subphylum Hexapoda
Subphylum Cheliceriformes
•
•
body plan: cephalothorax and abdomen
on cephalothorax, starting at anterior end:
• paired chelicerae
• paired pedipalps
• 4 pairs of legs
• selected classes:
• Merostomata – horseshoe crab
• Arachnida – spiders, scorpions, mites, ticks, etc.
Subphylum Myriapoda
•
Body plan: head and multisegmented trunk
•
on head:
•
one pair of antennae
•
paired mandibles
•
Legs on trunk (either one or two per segment,
depending on class)
•
appendages are uniramous (unbranched)
•
most have tracheal respiratory system
Subphylum Myriapoda
•
Diplopoda (millipedes)
•
•
two pairs of legs per
trunk segment
Chilopoda (centipedes)
•
one pair of legs per
trunk segment
•
poison claws on trunk
segment nearest the
head
Subphylum Crustacea
•
One class (also called Crustacea)
•
barnacles, crayfish, crabs, lobsters, shrimp, etc.
•
on cephalothorax, starting at anterior end:
• two pairs of antennae
(unique feature)
• paired mandibles
(jaws)
• most then have 5 pairs
of chelate appendages
(pincher-like)
swimmerets
Subphylum Crustacea
•
appendages are biramous (two-branched;
another unique feature)
Subphylum Hexapoda
•
Hexapoda – “six feet”
•
One class to worry about: Insecta
•
Body plan: head, thorax, and abdomen
•
On head: one pair of antennae
•
On head: paired mandibles
•
On thorax: three pairs of legs
•
On thorax: often two pairs of wings
•
appendages are uniramous (unbranched)
•
most have tracheal respiratory system
Task B-2:
•
Phylum Arthropoda
arthropod box and displays:
• for all, note segmentation, head, exoskeleton, and
paired jointed appendages
• items to note for each animal class (use Fig. 8-4
as a guide for structures):
• Merostomata – horseshoe crab
• large cephalothorax (from dorsal and ventral
views)
• chelicerae, pedipalps, and legs
• book gills
• telson
Task B-2:
•
Phylum Arthropoda
arthropod box:
• Arachnida – garden spider
• chelicerae with fangs
• pedipalps (used by males in mating)
• 4 pairs of legs
• unsegmented abdomen with spinnerets for
making silk
Task B-2:
•
Phylum Arthropoda
arthropod box:
•
Crustacea
•
barnacle – shell and holdfast
•
blue crab – chelate appendages, mouth and
feeding appendages, cephalothorax, abdomen
(tucked under cephalothorax)
•
crayfish – chelate appendages, mouth and
feeding appendages, cephalothorax, gills,
abdomen with swimmerets (note biramous
nature)
Task B-2:
•
Phylum Arthropoda
arthropod box:
•
Diplopoda – millipede
•
head with mandibles, short antennae
•
multisegmented trunk
•
two legs per segment (key to identification)
•
look for evidence that each “segment” is
actually a fusion of two segments
•
look for spiracles
Task 3:
•
Arthropods (Phylum Arthropoda)
arthropod box:
•
Chilopoda – centipede
•
head with mandibles, short antennae
•
multisegmented trunk
•
one legs per segment (key to identification)
•
poison claws derived from first leg pair
•
look for spiracles
Task B-2:
•
Phylum Arthropoda
arthropod box:
•
Insecta – grasshopper and walking stick
•
head with antennae, mandibles, and compound
eyes
•
thorax with three pairs of legs (note
uniramous appearance of appendages) and
two pairs of wings (grasshopper)
•
segmented abdomen
•
spiracles on sides
•
in grasshopper, note the large tympanum
(eardrum) on first segment
Task B-2:
•
Phylum Arthropoda
arthropod slides:
• tick, body louse, and water flea (Daphnia)
• for each, try to identify the class based on
external features
TODAY YOU WILL TAKE AN
EXIT QUIZ !!!