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©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
6
Designing
Messages
with
Words
©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Can We Talk?
 Verbal communication
◦
use of any linguistic symbols—spoken, sign, or written
language—to accomplish message goals
• What Is a Verbal Style?
 Verbal style
◦
our particular choice of words, phrase or sentence
arrangements, and the formality of expression we use
3
Can We Talk?
Because it uses words,
sign language is verbal
communication.
© Jon Lee/Masterfile
4
Can We Talk?
• Types of Verbal Styles
 Expressive and supportive
 Dynamic
 Combative
 Minimalist
 Subtextual
5
Can We Talk?
• Types of Verbal Styles (continued)
 Descriptive
 Authoritative
 Low key
 Demonstrative
6
Talk about Meaning
 Denotation
◦ literal or common description of a word that
can be found in a dictionary
 Connotation
◦ personal or emotional feelings that we
associate with words
7
Speaking of Rules
 Speech rules
◦ Verbal rules we use during interaction
1.  Grammatical rules
◦ sentence construction, the arrangement of
words, syntax, and language fluidity
2.  Talking and interaction rules
◦ topic relevance, turn taking, length of talk time,
silence, and clarity
8
Speaking of Rules
3.  Social rules
◦ greetings, appropriate word usage, style of
expression, and ambiguity
4.  Semantical rules
◦ denotative and connotative meanings of the
words we use
9
What Are You Talking About?
 Jargon
◦ specialized language used by members of a
specific profession or field that denotes
technical knowledge
 Slang
◦ informal set of terms used within a social group
or culture
10
What Are You Talking About?
• Language Limitations
 Intensifiers
 Qualifiers
 Tag questions
 Adjective cramming
 Euphemisms
11
What Are You Talking About?
 Abstraction
◦ using complicated rather than concrete
language
 Bypassing
◦ when different meanings are associated with
the same word symbol or different symbols are
used to identify the same idea or object
12
What Are You Talking About?
 Fact inference
◦ jumping to conclusions
 Misused words
◦
words are misapplied
 Overgeneralization
◦ use of sweeping statements that do not
provide enough information
13
What Are You Talking About?
 Extremism
◦ to see the world simplistically, in black and
white, rather than in shades of gray
 Inflexibility
◦ rigidity in our awareness of the world around
us
14
Must We Talk?
FIGURE 6.1 Communication Apprehension
Stage fright
is one of the
most common
forms of
communication
apprehension.
15
Must We Talk?
 Communication apprehension (CA)
◦ experience of feeling anxious or uneasy about
communicating with other people
• Why Are We Scared?






Introversion
Alienation
Low self-esteem
Cultural divergence
Poor communication skills
Communication incompetence
16
Using Persuasion and Building Arguments
 Persuasion
◦ process of attempting to influence people’s
behavior, attitudes, or beliefs
 Argument
◦ statement or series of statements aimed at
influencing behavior, attitudes, and beliefs
through reasoning
17
Using Persuasion and Building Arguments
 Grounds
◦ reasons or evidence used to support an
argument
 Warrants
◦ reasoning; making a relationship of the
evidence to the claim
 Claim
◦ statement of fact or opinion
18
Using Persuasion and Building Arguments
• Reasons and Reasoning
 Reasons
◦
statements of evidence, support, or proof used in
an argument
 Reasoning
◦
ability to see connections between ideas and
evidence and to use reasons as building blocks to
support your conclusion
19
Using Persuasion and Building Arguments
• Reasons and Reasoning (continued)
 Deductive reasoning
◦
moves from general principles to specific instances
 Inductive reasoning
◦
moves from specific instances to general
conclusions
20
Using Persuasion and Building Arguments
• Appealing to Your Audience
 Ethos
◦
Credibility determined by an audience but
established by a speaker
 Pathos
◦
use of emotion to persuade an audience
 Logos
◦
proof in the form of evidence or reasons
21
Using Persuasion and Building Arguments
• One-Sided and Two-Sided Arguments
 One-sided argument
◦
presentation of only one point of view or one side of
an issue
 Two-sided argument
◦
presents both sides of an issue—not only the
speaker’s position but also opposing views
22
Questions
23