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Cross-cultural communication
CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION
NONVERBAL COMMUNIACTION
Cross-cultural communication
A Communications Model
Channel
Sender
Message
Feedback
Audience
Cross-cultural communication
TALKING WITHOUT TALKING
NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION COMMUNICATING WITHOUT WORDS
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Cross-cultural communication
Cross-cultural communication
Body Language
•
Although language is the single
most important element in
communication, it is by no
means the only one.
•
It
has
been
said
that
communication is only 20%
verbal
while
the
rest
is
intonation, body language, etc.
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Cross-cultural communication
How Men React When They See A Pretty Girl
• The American lifts his eyebrows
• The Italian presses his forefinger into his cheeck and whistles
• The Greek strokes his cheek
• The Brazilian puts an imaginary telescope to his eye
• The Frenchman kisses
his fingertips
• The Arab grasps his beard.
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Cross-cultural communication
Seven Main Elements Of Body Language
• Facial expressions
• Gaze and eye-contact
• Posture
• Gestures
• Proximity
• Touching
• Appearance
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Cross-cultural communication
KINESICS
• Communicating through body movements
• Facial expressions
• Body posture
Cross-cultural communication
Facial Expressions
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Facial expressions are the most important
aspect of body language. Your face is highly
visible, it is mobile and flexible, and is capable
of indicating your innermost feelings to other
people.
•
E.g. your likes and dislikes, or a subtle ‘happy’
face can display your joy at a rival’s misfortune
even if you are expressing your deepest
sympathy.
•
Emotions are also often displayed in facial
expressions even when you would prefer to
hide them.
•
Your face = a spontaneous communicator of
messages!
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Cross-cultural communication
Cross-cultural communication
Gaze And Eye-Contact
In many Western countries, particularly in the business culture, direct eye contact is
standard procedure. While eye contact can imply sincerity and honesty in other
cultures just as it does in e.g. the US, in many Asian countries, including Japan,
looking straight into someone’s eyes could be considered intimidating or a sign of
aggression.
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Cross-cultural communication
Posture
• How you move your body,
• how you stand or sit and the position of your limbs,
• all reflect your attitudes and feelings about yourself and towards others.
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Cross-cultural communication
Cross-cultural communication
Gestures
In certain circumstances you can use gestures to replace the need for words.
Indeed, it might be the only way of communicating is by gestures, especially if
you are trying to communicate with someone who does not speak your own
language or any other language you know.
It is quite often the subconscious gestures, of which you are unaware, that
reveal a great deal about your innermost thoughts. Reading and
interpreting these unintended gestures can provide a greater understanding
of the communication that is taking place.
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Cross-cultural communication
PROXEMICS
• The use space to communicate
• The personal bubble of space - nine inches to over
twenty inches
• North Americans prefer more distance than from
Latin and Arab cultures
Cross-cultural communication
Proximity
Think about how much personal distance you generally prefer
and then think about the different you encounter on a daily basis
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Cross-cultural communication
Touching
Think about how much touching behaviour is appropriate in your culture, under what
circumstances, and with whom.
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Cross-cultural communication
Shaking Hands
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Germany and the United States have firm handshakes, with the German
being very brief and the US being about three to four seconds
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France, Guatemala, and Japan have more limp handshakes
•
Singapore has a longer handshake (10+ seconds)
•
Women should be the first to offer a hand for a handshake in New Zealand,
Singapore, South Korea, or Taiwan
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In South Korea, more respect is shown by cupping your left hand under your
right forearm, as if supporting your right forearm during the hand shake
•
A traditional bow may be used in China, Hong Kong, or Japan
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Cross-cultural communication
Shaking Hands
•
Traditional greeting in
– India is namaste - place the hands in a praying position, palms together with
the fingers just beneath the chin, bow and say “namaste”
– Thailand: place, the hands, palms together, in front of the chin, bow the head
to touch the top of the fingers, and say “wai”
•
Women may greet other women by patting the right forearm or shoulder in Chile, Costa Rica,
El Salvador, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, or Panama
•
Countries with Hindu and Muslim religions forbid public contact between men and women.
When in these countries, follow your host’s cue to determine if religious tradition will be
followed.
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Women should wait for a man to offer his hand first in a Hindu or Muslim country, if a
western handshake is going to be used
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Cross-cultural communication
Appearance
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•
•
•
Your self- image is reflected through your
– appearance
– Dress: appropriate for the occasion
– Grooming: hair, beard, make up, etc.
Your personal appearance often creates an
initial impression that sometimes is very
difficult to change.
Your personal appearance is of importance
when you consider body language because
it is an aspect over which you have
considerable control.
Although very little can be done about the
shape, features and size of your body,
much can be done about what you wear,
how you wear it and the total picture of
how you look.
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Cross-cultural communication
Done for The Day
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