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1 The of Civilization 2100 BC to AD 1500 The Growth of Civilizations 1. Greece - 2100 BC – 150 BC 2. Rome and Early Christianity – 750 BC – AD 500 3. The Americas – 1000 BC – AD 1500 4. Empires of China and India – 350 BC – AD 600 Ancient Greece: 2100 BC 150 BC 1. Early Greece 2. The Classical Age 3. Greek Achievements 4. Alexander the Great Main Idea o The in southern Europe – Greece – home of early advanced civilizations o From the Minoans and the Mycenaeans to Sparta and Athens to the empire of Alexander the Great, the left a legacy that helped shape Western Civilization The Geography of Greece? • Ancient Greece is located in . • It is located on the and Aegean seas. • The land is mountainous and the civilization does not grow around a river. Archaic Greece: 1650 – 700 BC Centered around Bronze Age Greece Crete: Minoan Civilization The Minoans were They were Minoan Civilization o Excavations done at o Private rooms o Basic Plumbing o in the Region. but their civilization disappeared around 1400 BC. reveal clues about their life: -tied to the sea Minoan Civilization Language- cant decipher Most Minoan images of priests are Mycenaean Civilization The Mycenaeans arose next and were most famous for the They declined around 1200 BC. 2 The Trojan Wars Fought between (Turkey) and The Trojan Horse-not sure if the battle took place (Greece) Homer: The “Heroic Age” The The – the account of Greek hero – Odysseus in the Trojan War is the second account The Mask of Agamemnon who was murdered by his wife’s mistress Hellenic (Classical) Greece: 700 to 324 BC The Rise of the Greek City States The region for hundreds of years after the Mycenaeans. Around 750 BC, the Greek City state, or , starts to develop. Cities were built on two levels, with an on the top level. Governing the City State At first, city states were ruled by one person, usually a king. This is called a They were often called Next, it was ruled by a small group of nobles. This is called an oligarchy. New forms of government would soon develop, especially in Athens. The Rest of the City State Below the Acropolis was the walled part of the city where everyday life took place. There were marketplaces, theaters, public buildings, and homes. The market was called the . It was usually in the center of the city. Sparta Sparta is a city state that develops into a . Men spend their lives dedicated to warfare and training. Some women took up household and economic responsibilities because the men were occupied with war. Spartan Military Might Messenians enslaved by the Spartans. The Acropolis-The Gods of Olympus The Acropolis The acropolis of each city had temples to the . The Greeks shared one set of Gods. There were 12 major gods and goddesses. Mount Olympus, Home of the Gods The Gods of Olympus Athens 3 Athens: Yesterday and Today Athens is a city state that develops into a A democracy is a place where people vote. Only citizens could Athens also focused on arts and learning. . Early Athenian Lawgivers $ Draco “draconian” End Unrest through harsh punishment $ -took first steps toward democracy $ Cleisthenes created the first democracy! Piraeus: Athens’ Port City Persian Wars: Fought between Greece and Persia – Cause of Conflict region called Peloponnesian Wars $ (490 BCE) 26 miles from Athens Inspired the Marathon-Greek victory $ (480 BCE) 300 Spartans were able to hold back a much larger Persian army $ (480 BCE) Athenian navy Victory Golden “Age of Pericles”: 460 BCE – 429 BCE The in Athens for many years following the Persian Wars Peloponnesian Wars Athens – League SpartaLeague Tension between the two leagues; Sparta becomes the Macedonia Later fell to Socrates Socrates was a famous . He taught Plato, who then taught Aristotle. He was accused of corrupting the minds of the youth and forced to commit suicide. o Know thyself! o question everything o only the brings happiness. 4 Plato Philosophers were best suited to govern The Academy The World of Forms The – philosophers should be king Aristotle Concerned with nature and the world around him The Lyceum and the o Everything in moderation o Logic empowers reason Hippocrates Hippocrates was a famous Greek doctor. Doctors today still take the Its most important part is to do no harm. when they begin their careers in medicine. Herodotus Herodotus is famous for of the Ancient Greek world. He tried to determine what existed beyond what the Greeks themselves knew about. Sophocles Sophocles was a famous Greek dramatist. There were two main types of plays: These plays were very popular in Greece. Phidias’ Acropolis The Acropolis Today Temples for the The Parthenon Temple of the Greek Goddess The Olympic Games The Agora The Classical Greek “Ideal” Greek Columns Olympia The Ancient Olympics: Athletes & Trainers The Olympic Games The started the Olympic games. and 5 They were held to . There were races, discuss throwing, boxing, and a no-holds barred type of fighting called . Only eye gouging and biting were prohibited. Olympia: Temple to Hera The 2004 Olympics Macedonia under Phillip II Took over Greece along with his son, Hellenstic Greece: 324 100 BC Alexander the Great Took over, at age 20, after his father was assassinated Alexander the Greats Empire Alexander the Great in Persia Within a year, Alexander Persia Phalanx tactic The Hellenization of Asia mixed with others throughout Asia Pergamum: A Hellenistic City The Economy of the Hellenistic World Hellenistic Philosophers $ Cynics ignore social conventions & avoid luxuries. citizens of the world. live a humble, simple life. $ Epicurus avoid pain & seek pleasure. all excess leads to pain! politics should be avoided. $ Stoics nature is the expansion of divine will. concept of natural law. get involved in politics, not for personal gain, but to perform virtuous acts for the good of all. true happiness is found in great achievements. Hellenism: The Arts & Sciences $ Scientists / Mathematicians: 6 Aristarchus Euclid geometry pulley Eratosthenes- calculated the size of the world $ Hellenistic Art: More ; less ideal than Hellenic art. Showed individual emotions, wrinkles, and age! The Breakup of Alexander’s Empire Alexander died in Babylon in 323 BC At age 7 The Growth of Civilization 2100 BC to AD 1500 The Growth of Civilizations 1. Classical Greece - 2100 BC – 150 BC 2. and Early Christianity – 750 BC – AD 500 3. The Americas – 1000 BC – AD 1500 4. Empires of China and India – 350 BC – AD 600 Rome • • • • • • 1. The of Rome 2. From Republic to Empire 3. Roman Society and Culture 4. The Rise of 5. The Fall of Rome Main Idea • The city of Rome was the seat of one of the powers of the ancient world • 1,200 year history • Rome went through great changes in and culture • Many changes were caused by the beginning of the spread of one of the world’s largest religions - Christianity Rome and Early Christianity 750 BC to AD 500 Where is Ancient Rome? • Rome is located in _______________________. • It is in the present day country of ___________________. • Italy is a _________________, which means it has water on three sides. • This allowed the Romans to ________________ with others in the region. How was Rome founded? • Rome has a ________________ beginning. • Twin brothers, _________________ and Remus, were sons of the war god __________________ and left abandoned as babies. • A ________________________ fed them and kept them alive. • They grew up, fought over who would _________________ the city. • Romulus ____________________ Remus; therefore, he called the city ____________________. Influence of the Etruscans • Introduced the . and number system, helped shape government, built Rome’s first How was Rome ______________________? • Around __________________________, Rome became a ___________________. • A republic is a government where ________________ are chosen by the ___________________. • The people of Rome were represented in the ____________________. 8 How were the people of Rome divided? • Romans were split into two main ______________________. • The _____________________ were the landholding _________________ class. • The ___________________ were the commoners of Rome. • The ______________________ of the people were Plebeians but the Patricians had most of the _______________________. The Roman Forum • The Roman ______________________ was a place where people could express their ideas. • It was also a place that __________________ of the Senate and later the Emperor were announced to the people. The Carthaginian Empire • The Wars • Fought between Early Rome and (N. Africa) • perhaps one of the greatest military leaders of all time Hannibal’s Route • The Roman, after suffering serious losses, managed to defeat Hannibal and the Rome becomes an ______________________ • the poor should be given grain and small plots of free land. Soldier Farmers • recruited an army from the poor and homeless; professional standing army. Civil War and Dictators • Civil War brought an end to the republic. and were successful military leaders who formed the First Triumvirate Crossing the Rubicon • Caesar took his army over the River and marched into Rome Beware the Ides of March! 44 BCE • After rising to prominence in a variety of ________________ campaigns, Julius Caesar brings his troops to __________________ in 49 BC and makes himself a __________________. • He keeps the Senate around but keeps all real ________________ for himself. • In 44 BC, he is __________________ in the Senate by people who want to bring back the old _______________________. The Roman Empire • After Julius Caesar is assassinated, there is a _______________________ fighting for control. • Caesar’s nephew Octavian becomes emperor, and changes his name to _________________________ Pax Romana • After Augustus, there is a 200 year peaceful period called the Pax Romana, or 9 Roman’s Early Road System • Rome was able to In addition, Rome built movement. because of its well trained and organized armies. that connected the Empire that allowed troops easy How did Rome get Water? • The Romans built enormous ____________________ designed to bring water into the city. • They used a new architectural technique called the _____________________. • They had a very small ___________________ that carried water downhill for miles and miles. What did Romans do for fun? • Romans enjoyed __________________ entertainment. • They watched _________________ fight to the death in many arenas, most famously the ____________________. • They watched chariot races, which often involved bloody ____________________. Roman Religion • Romans had similar gods to the _________________, except they had different names. For example: Zeus becomes Jupiter, Ares becomes Mars. • They built enormous temples, like the ___________________. The Rise of Christianity • Religion based on Jesus of Nazareth, and his earliest followers, the teaching of Jesus of Nazareth • Knowledge comes from the first four books of the New Testament • The along with the Hebrew Bible, the Bible. , make up the Christian Jesus Christ • In time, Jesus began to preach a message of redemption and warning of the coming of God’s Judgment Day. His message alarmed authorities, and Jesus was arrested, tried, and sentenced to death. • After he was , Jesus rose from the dead, spent 40 days teaching, and ascended into heaven. • Followers named him the , Jesus Christ The Spread of Christianity • Apostles 12 that Jesus chose to spread Christianity throughout the world Diocletian Splits the Empire in Two: • Economic Problems, rising prices, and higher taxes to pay for the vast empire • Diocletian –absolute ruler – himself above his subjects Constantine • Diocletian his thrown and threw Rome into civil war once again • Constantine, in 312, proclaimed new emperor 10 • A new Capital- –Christian capital; later renamed Byzantine Empire • The later period of the Eastern Roman Empire became Western Roman Empire to tribes Attila the Hun • The inability of the Roman Army to stop the empire Empire-after fall of was one reason for the demise of the The Legacy of Rome • Around 180 AD, problems arose in the empire and the begins to decline. • In 476 AD is sacked and the Empire is officially dead. Why did Rome decline? • Government was ________________. • The government had huge building projects that cost lots of _______________________. • __________________ invaded from the North. • Poverty and ______________________ were very high. • Moral values declined. The Discovery of ______________________ • In 1748, one of the greatest archeological discoveries of all times occurred. • The Roman city of Pompeii had been destroyed by the eruption of Mount ___________________ in 79 AD, preserving the town forever. 11 The Growth of Civilization 2100 BC to AD 1500 The Growth of Civilizations 1. Classical Greece - 2100 BC – 150 BC 2. Rome and Early Christianity – 750 BC – AD 500 3. The – 1000 BC – AD 1500 4. Empires of China and India – 350 BC – AD 600 The Americas - 1000 BC to AD 1500 • 1. North America • 2. Meso America • 3. South America • Main Idea • As advanced civilizations developed in Rome, other civilizations developed in the • • Early American civilizations all found ways to adapt to the varied of the Americas Some developed sophisticated governments and that rivaled those of the ancient Romans Early Human Migrations Possible for the First Americans North America – 9,000 year old human skull found along the Columbia River Gives us clues to some questions about early Cultures of North America Arctic and the Subarctic Eastern Desert West Cultures of the Desert West - 300 BC to AD 1500 –adobe-mixtures of clay and straw for homes Anasazi – 100 BC to Ad 1300 –adopted the -aboveground structure used for homes Cliff Palace at Anasazi cliff dwelling The Mound Builders – 200 BC to Ad 500 – some form of organized labor Mississippian – built some of the earliest cities in Other Cultures in North America Inuit – Arctic Region -no vegetation for food- fishing instead – treeless grasslands The Iroquois – Forest Environment formed a 12 Sculpture from the Americas Origins of the of the Americas? The “Mother Culture” of Meso – America -predated just about every other civilization in Meso- America. First to use writing system and first to use The one to give rise to later cultures in that region. Major Pre-Columbian Civilizations , , and the Mayans The Civilization was small to the Mayan civilization, which had its height in 1000 BC consisted of million in over 40 cities. Lands of the Mayans The Peninsula Mayan Cultivation of Maize -farming method that involves burning vegetation to clear it for planting Chac, of Rain Chichen-Itza – Pyramid Mayan cities such as and Tikal were some of the more spectacular cities, containing pyramids, temples, and great . Chichen-Itza – Observatory Mayans made advances in and planets. . They observed the movements of the sun, moon, system – 365 days farming schedule Chichen-Itza - Court Overview of Tikal (Guatemala) Temple of the Tikal Jungle View at Tikal - Main Court Mayan cities functioned as city states each had its own Trade the cities. also linked other cities. Mayan cities never united. Tikal: of the Masks Tikal - Wall Mask of the Quetzalcoatl: The God of & Learning and government. 13 Mayan Glyphs sky king child city The Mayans developed a complex writing system, , or symbols Mayan Mathematics They also created a system, using the concept of zero for the first time. Mayan Underground : Chultunes Mayan Drinking Cup for Pakal: The Maya Astronaut Aztecs The Aztecs, just a small group of farmers from empire in Meso -America. , created the most powerful Lands of the Aztecs What land did they conquer? Aztec View of Tenochtitlan The Capital City of the . Covered five miles and had a population of 200,000. One of the in the world at the time. Tenochtitlan: The of the Americas Aztec Chinampa or Floating Garden: 15ft. to wide Tenochtitlan – Chinampas Tenochtitlan was built on land they build floating gardens island in the middle of a lake. To create more farm Aztec Writing They kept written records similar to Mayans but not as Aztec Math They also used Math. Conquered People were required to pay a , a tax. Aztec Sun Stone – Calendar They created a 260-religious calendar and a 365-day solar calendar. They also calculated movements of The Aztecs Were Fierce Warriors 14 Achievements in the Arts and Sciences. Artisans made bright feathers into headdresses, shields, and wartime costumes. fashioned gold and silver. Aztec Aztec Sun Aztecs Sacrifice Neighboring Tribes to the Sun God-needed human Heart Wall of on an Aztec Temple Pyramid , Tenochtitlan Sacrificial Statue, Tenochtitlan of the City Center, Tenochtitlan Aztec Lasted a short period of time, 200 years. Contact with the Europeans brought an end to the empire. The Codex : The Founding of Tenochtitlan-twenty years after the Spanish Conquest it contains the history of the city Incas Many years after earlier civilizations such as the Chavin, Moche, and Nazca, the Inca Civilization brought the entire region into one empire. Lands of the Incas They began as a small tribe in the Andes, but by the early 1500’s their empire extended almost the entire throughout the Andes. Cuzco: Ancient of the Inca (11,000 ft. above sea level) Machu Picchu Pachacuti –leader of the Inca used political control. The emperor had most of the power. and Incan Suspension Bridges The first known bridges spanned cannons, and rivers. Woven out of vines. Incan Terrace Farming Terraces increased the amount of land available for Incan Digging The Quipu: An Incan Database force to gain and 15 Keep track of moving goods they used set of Over 100 Different Types of and knotted cords. Cultivated by the Incans Produce from a Typical Incan Incan Jars in Incan Pottery Inca Gold & Silver Artisans made intricate out of gold and silver. Incan Mummies The Incas lasted only about 100 years. The arrival of the marked the in Peru in 1532 16 The Growth of Civilization 2100 BC to AD 1500 The Growth of Civilizations 1. Classical Greece - 2100 BC – 150 BC 2. Rome and Early Christianity – 750 BC – AD 500 3. The Americas – 1000 BC – AD 1500 4. Empires of – 350 BC – AD 600 Empires of China and India - 350 BC to AD 600 • 1. The Growth of China • 2. Chinese Society and Culture • 3. Indian Dynasties • 4. Indian Society and Culture • Main Idea • 300 – 200 BC, strong empires unified much of China and India • Under these empires, China and India became prosperous • Led to classical periods in their histories, during which China and India developed many of the characteristics that would define their modern times Imperial China: the and the Dynasties The Qin Dynasty 300’s BC, the of China States Period - era in which the Qin state began to dominate the other states Qin [Ch’in] Dynasty, 221-206 B.C.E. Established China’s empire Shi (First Emperor) rule A powerful and efficient government was key to maintaining order Bureaucratic Centralized control Military Book targeted Confucians Buried alive! Built large section of the Wall Shi Huangdi’s Cotta Army Discovered in 1974 - the immense army of the dead A Emperor in hope of gaining immortality had artisans create a life-size army with chariots, horses, and more than soldiers to guard him in the afterlife Shi Huangdi’s Terra Cotta Army Army placed in around the emperor’s tomb 17 Shi Huangdi’s Terra Cotta Soldiers & Cavalrymen Although harsh, Qin policies under Huangdi unified and strengthened China. He undertook building projects, including an improved irrigation system, an expanded network of roads and canals, and a wall. Cavalry Despite improvements in trade and forced to work on them , peasants had to pay heavy and some were The Eastern terminus of the , Shanhai Pass To strengthen and protect his empire from outside threats, Shanhai had workers join the separate defensive walls creating the Wall of China The Great Wall with Towers Hundreds of thousands of from the labor. were forced to work on the and many people died The Dynasty When Shi Huangdi died in 210 BC, the Dynasty crumbled in rebellion. Liu Bang, a leader, founded the Han dynasty, one of the greatest dynasties in Chinese history Han Dynasty, 206 B.C.E.-220 C.E. “People of the Han” Chinese Paper invented [105 B.C.E.] Silk trade develops; improves life for many introduced into China Expanded into Central Asia Liu Bang Tomb (d. 113 BCE) His jade suit has 2498 pieces! He ruled with the of heaven (approval of the gods) He re-instituted and at the same time kept some Legalist policies to maintain firm control over his empire Emperor Wudi, 141-87 B.C.E.- the greatest Han emperor Started schools. Colonized Manchuria, Korea, & . Civil system-pass an exam in the Confucian classics bureaucrats Confucian -gentry Revival of landscape painting. Emperor Wudi and Expansion Martial Emperor - expand his empire through warfare Xiongnuwho lived in the grasslands of n. China The Han Decline In 184, a chaos Period of sect called the Yellow - 350 years of warfare rebelled and through the empire into 18 Trade Routes of the Ancient World The Road network of trade routes that stretched from heart of Asia to the Mediterranean Sea Ruins of Jiao he, Turphan depression. Han 4,000 miles across the outpost in Central Asia Han Artifacts The Han period was a age in China history. During this age, art flourished and science and technology improved life. Ceramics, Later Han Period The Spread of to China, led to an increase in Buddhist art and statues Acupuncture Inserting fine into the at specific points to cure disease and relieve pain Imperial India: Maurya and the Gupta Empire (350 BC to AD 600) Chandragupta: 321 BCE-298 BCE Unified northern India. Defeated the Persian general . Divided his empire into , then districts for tax assessments and law enforcement. He feared [like Saddam Hussein] food tasters, slept in different rooms, etc. 301 BCE gave up his throne & became a Jain. The Maurya Empire 321 BCE – 185 BCE The first Empire The seizing of the throne of the kingdom of Magadha Kautilya advisor. Brahmin caste. Wrote The Treatise on or the Arthashastra.-statescraft A guide for the king and his ministers: Supports royal power. The great in society is anarchy. Therefore, a single is needed to employ force when necessary! Ashoka (304 – 232 BCE) Religious conversion after the gruesome battle of in 262 BCE. Dedicated his life to . Built roads. Conflict how to balance Kautilya’s methods of keeping and Buddha’s demands to become a selfless person? Considered to be one of India’s greatest rulers Asoka’s law code Edicts scattered in more than places in India, Nepal, Pakistan, & Afghanistan. 19 Written mostly in , but one was in Greek and Aramaic. 10 rock edicts. Each pillar [stupa] is 40’-50’ high. t principles dominate his laws. Turmoil & a power Vacuum: 220 BCE – 320 CE The Maurya Empire is divided into kingdoms. – invaders from Central Asia -far south; carried active sea trade with Southeast Asia Gupta Empire: 320 CE – 647 CE India remained divided into kingdoms for about 400 years. Then around Ad 320, the took over northern India. Gupta Rulers Gupta I r. 320 – 335 CE “Great King of Kings” founder Chandra II r. 375 - 415 CE Profitable trade with the Mediterranean world! Hindu . White invade – 450 CE Fa-Hsien: Life in Gupta India Chinese Buddhist monk traveled along the Road and visited India in the 5c. He was following the path of the . He reported the people to be , relatively free of government oppression, and inclined towards courtesy and charity. Other references in the journal, however, indicate that the caste system was rapidly assuming its basic features, including " ," the social isolation of a lowest class that is doomed to menial labor. Chandra Gupta 11 Where was he located? International Trade Routes during the Guptas What continents did they trade with? Extensive Trade: Name three products they traded Kalidasa The greatest of poets. His most famous play was During the reign of Chandra Gupta II. Gupta Art Greatly influenced Southeast Asian Gupta Achievements & 20 The Decline of the Guptas Invasion of the in the 4c signaled the end of the Gupta Golden Age, even though at first, the Guptas defeated them. After the decline of the Gupta empire, north India broke into a number of separate kingdoms and was not really unified again until the coming of the in the 7c. Bhartrhari 5c India court and . Knowledge is man's crowning mark, A treasure secretly buried, The source of luxury, fame, and bliss, A guru most venerable, A friend on foreign journeys, The pinnacle of divinity. Knowledge is valued by kings beyond wealth--When he lacks it, a man is a brute.