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1
The
of Civilization
2100 BC to AD 1500
The Growth of Civilizations
 1.
Greece - 2100 BC – 150 BC
 2. Rome and Early Christianity – 750 BC – AD 500
 3. The Americas – 1000 BC – AD 1500
 4. Empires of China and India – 350 BC – AD 600
Ancient Greece: 2100 BC 150 BC
 1. Early Greece
 2. The Classical Age
 3. Greek Achievements
 4. Alexander the Great
 Main Idea
o The
in southern Europe – Greece – home of early advanced
civilizations
o From the Minoans and the Mycenaeans to Sparta and Athens to the empire of Alexander
the Great, the
left a legacy that helped shape Western Civilization
The Geography of Greece?
• Ancient Greece is located in
.
• It is located on the
and Aegean seas.
• The land is mountainous and the civilization does not grow around a river.
Archaic Greece: 1650 – 700 BC
 Centered around
Bronze Age Greece
Crete: Minoan Civilization
 The Minoans were
 They were
Minoan Civilization
o Excavations done at
o Private rooms
o Basic Plumbing
o
in the Region.
but their civilization disappeared around 1400 BC.
reveal clues about their life:
-tied to the sea
Minoan Civilization
 Language- cant decipher
 Most Minoan images of priests are
Mycenaean Civilization
 The Mycenaeans arose next and were most famous for the

They declined around 1200 BC.
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The Trojan Wars
 Fought between
(Turkey) and
 The Trojan Horse-not sure if the battle took place
(Greece)
Homer: The “Heroic Age”
 The
 The
– the account of Greek hero – Odysseus in the Trojan War
is the second account
The Mask of Agamemnon

who was murdered by his wife’s mistress
Hellenic (Classical) Greece: 700 to 324 BC
The Rise of the Greek City States
 The region
for hundreds of years after the Mycenaeans.
 Around 750 BC, the Greek City state, or
, starts to develop.
 Cities were built on two levels, with an
on the top level.
Governing the City State
 At first, city states were ruled by one person, usually a king. This is called a
They were often called
 Next, it was ruled by a small group of nobles. This is called an oligarchy.
 New forms of government would soon develop, especially in Athens.
The Rest of the City State
 Below the Acropolis was the walled part of the city where everyday life took place.
 There were marketplaces, theaters, public buildings, and homes.
 The market was called the
. It was usually in the center of the city.
Sparta
 Sparta is a city state that develops into a
.
 Men spend their lives dedicated to warfare and training.
 Some women took up household and economic responsibilities because the men were occupied
with war.
Spartan Military Might

 Messenians enslaved by the Spartans.
The Acropolis-The Gods of Olympus
 The Acropolis
 The acropolis of each city had temples to the
.
 The Greeks shared one set of Gods. There were 12 major gods and goddesses.
Mount Olympus, Home of the Gods
The Gods of Olympus
Athens
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Athens: Yesterday and Today
 Athens is a city state that develops into a
 A democracy is a place where people vote.
 Only
citizens could
 Athens also focused on arts and learning.
.
Early Athenian Lawgivers
$ Draco
 “draconian”
 End Unrest through harsh punishment
$
-took first steps toward democracy
$ Cleisthenes
 created the first democracy!
Piraeus: Athens’ Port City
Persian Wars:
 Fought between Greece and Persia –
 Cause of Conflict region called
Peloponnesian Wars
$
(490 BCE)
 26 miles from Athens
 Inspired the Marathon-Greek victory
$
(480 BCE)
 300 Spartans were able to hold back a much larger Persian army
$
(480 BCE)
 Athenian navy Victory
Golden “Age of Pericles”: 460 BCE – 429 BCE
 The
in Athens for many years following the Persian Wars
Peloponnesian Wars
 Athens –
League
 SpartaLeague
 Tension between the two leagues; Sparta becomes the
Macedonia
Later fell to
Socrates
 Socrates was a famous
.
 He taught Plato, who then taught Aristotle.
 He was accused of corrupting the minds of the youth and forced to commit suicide.
o Know thyself!
o question everything
o only the
brings happiness.
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Plato




Philosophers were best suited to govern
The Academy
The World of Forms
The
– philosophers should be king
Aristotle
 Concerned with nature and the world around him
 The Lyceum and the
o Everything in moderation
o Logic empowers reason
Hippocrates
 Hippocrates was a famous Greek doctor.
 Doctors today still take the
 Its most important part is to do no harm.
when they begin their careers in medicine.
Herodotus
 Herodotus is famous for
of the Ancient Greek world.
 He tried to determine what existed beyond what the Greeks themselves knew about.
Sophocles
 Sophocles was a famous Greek dramatist.
 There were two main types of plays:
 These plays were very popular in Greece.
Phidias’ Acropolis
The Acropolis Today
 Temples for the
The Parthenon
 Temple of the Greek Goddess
The Olympic Games
The Agora
The Classical Greek “Ideal”
Greek Columns
Olympia
The Ancient Olympics: Athletes & Trainers
The Olympic Games
 The
started the Olympic games.
and
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


They were held to
.
There were races, discuss throwing, boxing, and a no-holds barred type of fighting called
.
Only eye gouging and biting were prohibited.
Olympia: Temple to Hera
The 2004 Olympics
Macedonia under Phillip II
 Took over Greece along with his son,
Hellenstic Greece: 324 100 BC
Alexander the Great
 Took over, at age 20, after his father was assassinated
Alexander the Greats Empire
Alexander the Great in Persia
 Within a year, Alexander
Persia
Phalanx tactic
The Hellenization of Asia

mixed with others throughout Asia
Pergamum: A Hellenistic City
The Economy of the Hellenistic World
Hellenistic Philosophers
$ Cynics 
 ignore social conventions & avoid luxuries.
 citizens of the world.
 live a humble, simple life.
$
 Epicurus
 avoid pain & seek pleasure.
 all excess leads to pain!
 politics should be avoided.
$ Stoics 
 nature is the expansion of divine will.
 concept of natural law.
 get involved in politics, not for personal gain, but to perform virtuous acts for the good of
all.
 true happiness is found in great achievements.
Hellenism: The Arts & Sciences
$ Scientists / Mathematicians:
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 Aristarchus 
 Euclid  geometry

 pulley
 Eratosthenes- calculated the size of the world
$ Hellenistic Art:
 More
; less ideal than Hellenic art.
 Showed individual emotions, wrinkles, and age!
The Breakup of Alexander’s Empire
 Alexander died in Babylon in 323 BC
 At age
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The Growth of Civilization
2100 BC to AD 1500
The Growth of Civilizations
 1. Classical Greece - 2100 BC – 150 BC
 2.
and Early Christianity – 750 BC – AD 500
 3. The Americas – 1000 BC – AD 1500
 4. Empires of China and India – 350 BC – AD 600
Rome
•
•
•
•
•
•
1. The
of Rome
2. From Republic to Empire
3. Roman Society and Culture
4. The Rise of
5. The Fall of Rome
Main Idea
• The city of Rome was the seat of one of the
powers of the ancient world
• 1,200 year history
• Rome went through great changes in
and culture
• Many changes were caused by the beginning of the spread of one of the world’s largest
religions - Christianity
Rome and Early Christianity 750 BC to AD 500
Where is Ancient Rome?
• Rome is located in _______________________.
• It is in the present day country of ___________________.
• Italy is a _________________, which means it has water on three sides.
• This allowed the Romans to ________________ with others in the region.
How was Rome founded?
• Rome has a ________________ beginning.
• Twin brothers, _________________ and Remus, were sons of the war god __________________
and left abandoned as babies.
• A ________________________ fed them and kept them alive.
• They grew up, fought over who would _________________ the city.
• Romulus ____________________ Remus; therefore, he called the city ____________________.
Influence of the Etruscans
• Introduced the
.
and number system, helped shape government, built Rome’s first
How was Rome ______________________?
• Around __________________________, Rome became a ___________________.
• A republic is a government where ________________ are chosen by the ___________________.
• The people of Rome were represented in the ____________________.
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How were the people of Rome divided?
• Romans were split into two main ______________________.
• The _____________________ were the landholding _________________ class.
• The ___________________ were the commoners of Rome.
• The ______________________ of the people were Plebeians but the Patricians had most of the
_______________________.
The Roman Forum
• The Roman ______________________ was a place where people could express their ideas.
• It was also a place that __________________ of the Senate and later the Emperor were announced
to the people.
The Carthaginian Empire
• The
Wars
• Fought between Early Rome and
(N. Africa)
• perhaps one of the greatest military leaders of all time
Hannibal’s Route
• The Roman, after suffering serious losses, managed to defeat Hannibal and the
Rome becomes an ______________________
•
the poor should be given grain and small plots of free land. Soldier
Farmers
•
recruited an army from the poor and homeless; professional
standing army.
Civil War and Dictators
• Civil War brought an end to the republic.
and
were successful military leaders who formed the First Triumvirate
Crossing the Rubicon
• Caesar took his army over the
River and marched into Rome
Beware the Ides of March! 44 BCE
• After rising to prominence in a variety of ________________ campaigns, Julius Caesar brings his
troops to __________________ in 49 BC and makes himself a __________________.
• He keeps the Senate around but keeps all real ________________ for himself.
•
In 44 BC, he is __________________ in the Senate by people who want to bring back the old
_______________________.
The Roman Empire
• After Julius Caesar is assassinated, there is a _______________________ fighting for control.
• Caesar’s nephew Octavian becomes emperor, and changes his name to
_________________________
Pax Romana
• After Augustus, there is a 200 year peaceful period called the Pax Romana, or
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Roman’s Early Road System
• Rome was able to
In addition, Rome built
movement.
because of its well trained and organized armies.
that connected the Empire that allowed troops easy
How did Rome get Water?
• The Romans built enormous ____________________ designed to bring water into the city.
• They used a new architectural technique called the _____________________.
• They had a very small ___________________ that carried water downhill for miles and miles.
What did Romans do for fun?
• Romans enjoyed __________________ entertainment.
• They watched _________________ fight to the death in many arenas, most famously the
____________________.
• They watched chariot races, which often involved bloody ____________________.
Roman Religion
• Romans had similar gods to the _________________, except they had different names. For
example: Zeus becomes Jupiter, Ares becomes Mars.
• They built enormous temples, like the ___________________.
The Rise of Christianity
• Religion based on Jesus of Nazareth, and his earliest followers, the teaching of
Jesus of Nazareth
• Knowledge comes from the first four books of the New Testament
• The
along with the Hebrew Bible, the
Bible.
, make up the Christian
Jesus Christ
• In time, Jesus began to preach a message of redemption and warning of the coming of God’s
Judgment Day. His message alarmed authorities, and Jesus was arrested, tried, and sentenced to
death.
• After he was
, Jesus rose from the dead, spent 40 days teaching, and ascended into
heaven.
• Followers named him the
, Jesus Christ
The Spread of Christianity
• Apostles 12
that Jesus chose to spread Christianity throughout the world
Diocletian Splits the Empire in Two:
• Economic Problems, rising prices, and higher taxes to pay for the vast empire
• Diocletian –absolute ruler – himself above his subjects
Constantine
• Diocletian
his thrown and threw Rome into civil war once again
• Constantine, in 312, proclaimed new emperor
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•
A new Capital-
–Christian capital; later renamed
Byzantine Empire
• The later period of the Eastern Roman Empire became
Western Roman Empire to
tribes
Attila the Hun
• The inability of the Roman Army to stop the
empire
Empire-after fall of
was one reason for the demise of the
The Legacy of Rome
• Around 180 AD, problems arose in the empire and the
begins to decline.
• In 476 AD
is sacked and the Empire is officially dead.
Why did Rome decline?
• Government was ________________.
• The government had huge building projects that cost lots of _______________________.
• __________________ invaded from the North.
• Poverty and ______________________ were very high.
• Moral values declined.
The Discovery of ______________________
• In 1748, one of the greatest archeological discoveries of all times occurred.
• The Roman city of Pompeii had been destroyed by the eruption of Mount ___________________
in 79 AD, preserving the town forever.
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The Growth of Civilization
2100 BC to AD 1500
The Growth of Civilizations
 1. Classical Greece - 2100 BC – 150 BC
 2. Rome and Early Christianity – 750 BC – AD 500
 3. The
– 1000 BC – AD 1500
 4. Empires of China and India – 350 BC – AD 600
The Americas - 1000 BC to AD 1500
• 1. North America
• 2. Meso America
• 3. South America
• Main Idea
• As advanced civilizations developed in Rome, other civilizations developed in the
•
•
Early American civilizations all found ways to adapt to the varied
of the
Americas
Some developed sophisticated governments and
that rivaled those of the
ancient Romans
Early Human Migrations
 Possible
for the First Americans
North America

– 9,000 year old human skull found along the Columbia River
 Gives us clues to some questions about early
Cultures of North America
 Arctic and the Subarctic

 Eastern
Desert West
Cultures of the Desert West

- 300 BC to AD 1500 –adobe-mixtures of clay and straw for homes
 Anasazi – 100 BC to Ad 1300 –adopted the
-aboveground structure used for
homes
 Cliff Palace at
Anasazi cliff dwelling
The Mound Builders

– 200 BC to Ad 500 – some form of organized labor
 Mississippian – built some of the earliest cities in
Other Cultures in North America
 Inuit – Arctic Region -no vegetation for food- fishing instead

– treeless grasslands
 The Iroquois – Forest Environment formed a
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Sculpture from the Americas

Origins of the
of the Americas?
The “Mother Culture” of Meso – America

-predated just about every other civilization in Meso- America.
 First to use writing system and first to use
 The one to give rise to later cultures in that region.
Major Pre-Columbian Civilizations

,
, and the
Mayans
 The
Civilization was small to the Mayan civilization, which had its height in
1000 BC consisted of million in over 40 cities.
Lands of the Mayans
 The
Peninsula
Mayan Cultivation of Maize

-farming method that involves burning vegetation to clear it for planting
 Chac,
of Rain
Chichen-Itza – Pyramid
 Mayan cities such as
and Tikal were some of the more spectacular cities,
containing pyramids, temples, and great
.
Chichen-Itza – Observatory
 Mayans made advances in
and planets.
. They observed the movements of the sun, moon,
system – 365 days farming schedule
Chichen-Itza -
Court
Overview of Tikal (Guatemala)
 Temple of the
Tikal Jungle View at
Tikal - Main Court
 Mayan cities functioned as city states each had its own
 Trade
the cities.

also linked other cities.
 Mayan cities never united.
Tikal:
of the Masks
Tikal - Wall Mask of the
Quetzalcoatl:
 The God of
& Learning
and government.
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Mayan Glyphs
 sky
 king

 child
 city
 The Mayans developed a complex writing system,
, or symbols
Mayan Mathematics
 They also created a
system, using the concept of zero for the first time.
Mayan Underground
: Chultunes
Mayan Drinking Cup for
Pakal: The Maya Astronaut
Aztecs
 The Aztecs, just a small group of farmers from
empire in Meso -America.
, created the most powerful
Lands of the Aztecs
 What land did they conquer?
Aztec View of Tenochtitlan
 The Capital City of the
.
 Covered five miles and had a population of 200,000.
 One of the
in the world at the time.
Tenochtitlan: The
of the Americas
Aztec Chinampa or Floating Garden:
 15ft. to
wide
Tenochtitlan – Chinampas
 Tenochtitlan was built on
land they build floating gardens
island in the middle of a lake. To create more farm
Aztec Writing
 They kept written records similar to Mayans but not as
Aztec Math
 They also used Math. Conquered People were required to pay a
, a tax.
Aztec Sun Stone – Calendar
 They created a 260-religious calendar and a 365-day solar calendar. They also calculated
movements of
The Aztecs Were Fierce Warriors
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 Achievements in the Arts and Sciences. Artisans made bright feathers into headdresses, shields,
and wartime costumes.
fashioned gold and silver.
Aztec
Aztec Sun
Aztecs Sacrifice Neighboring Tribes to the Sun God-needed human
Heart
Wall of
on an Aztec Temple Pyramid
, Tenochtitlan
Sacrificial Statue, Tenochtitlan
of the City Center, Tenochtitlan
Aztec
 Lasted a short period of time, 200 years. Contact with the Europeans brought an end to the empire.
The Codex
:
 The Founding of Tenochtitlan-twenty years after the Spanish Conquest it contains the history of
the city
Incas
 Many years after earlier civilizations such as the Chavin, Moche, and Nazca, the Inca Civilization
brought the entire
region into one empire.
Lands of the Incas
 They began as a small tribe in the Andes, but by the early 1500’s their empire extended almost the
entire
throughout the Andes.
Cuzco: Ancient
of the Inca (11,000 ft. above sea level)
Machu Picchu
 Pachacuti –leader of the Inca used political
control. The emperor had most of the power.
and
Incan Suspension Bridges
 The first known bridges spanned cannons, and rivers. Woven out of
vines.
Incan Terrace Farming
 Terraces increased the amount of land available for
Incan Digging
The Quipu: An Incan Database
force to gain
and
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 Keep track of moving goods they used set of
Over 100 Different Types of
and knotted cords.
Cultivated by the Incans
Produce from a Typical Incan
Incan
Jars
in Incan Pottery
Inca Gold & Silver
 Artisans made intricate
out of gold and silver.
Incan Mummies
 The Incas lasted only about 100 years. The arrival of the
marked the
in Peru in 1532
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The Growth of Civilization
2100 BC to AD 1500
The Growth of Civilizations
 1. Classical Greece - 2100 BC – 150 BC
 2. Rome and Early Christianity – 750 BC – AD 500
 3. The Americas – 1000 BC – AD 1500
 4. Empires of
– 350 BC – AD 600
Empires of China and India - 350 BC to AD 600
• 1. The Growth of China
• 2. Chinese Society and Culture
• 3. Indian Dynasties
• 4. Indian Society and Culture
• Main Idea
• 300 – 200 BC, strong empires unified much of China and India
• Under these empires, China and India became prosperous
• Led to classical periods in their histories, during which China and India developed many of
the characteristics that would define their modern times
Imperial China: the
and the
Dynasties
The Qin Dynasty
 300’s BC, the
of China
States Period - era in which the Qin state began to dominate the other states
Qin [Ch’in] Dynasty, 221-206 B.C.E.
 Established China’s
empire 
 Shi
(First Emperor)

rule 
 A powerful and efficient government was key to maintaining order
 Bureaucratic
 Centralized control
 Military
 Book
 targeted
Confucians
 Buried
alive!
 Built large section of the
Wall
Shi Huangdi’s
Cotta Army
 Discovered in 1974 - the immense army of the dead
 A
Emperor in hope of gaining immortality had artisans create a life-size army with
chariots, horses, and more than
soldiers to guard him in the afterlife
Shi Huangdi’s Terra Cotta Army
 Army placed in
around the emperor’s tomb
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Shi Huangdi’s Terra Cotta Soldiers & Cavalrymen
 Although harsh, Qin policies under Huangdi unified and strengthened China.
 He undertook
building projects, including an improved irrigation system, an expanded
network of roads and canals, and a
wall.
Cavalry
 Despite improvements in trade and
forced to work on them
, peasants had to pay heavy
and some were
The Eastern terminus of the
, Shanhai Pass
 To strengthen
and protect his empire from outside threats, Shanhai had workers join the
separate defensive walls creating the
Wall of China
The Great Wall with Towers
 Hundreds of thousands of
from the
labor.
were forced to work on the
and many people died
The
Dynasty
 When Shi Huangdi died in 210 BC, the
Dynasty crumbled in rebellion. Liu Bang, a
leader, founded the Han dynasty, one of the greatest dynasties in Chinese history
Han Dynasty, 206 B.C.E.-220 C.E.
 “People of the Han” 
Chinese
 Paper invented [105 B.C.E.] 
 Silk
trade develops; improves life for many

introduced into China
 Expanded into Central Asia
Liu Bang Tomb (d. 113 BCE)
 His jade suit has 2498 pieces! He ruled with the
of heaven (approval of the gods)
 He re-instituted
and at the same time kept some Legalist policies to maintain firm
control over his empire
Emperor Wudi, 141-87 B.C.E.- the greatest Han emperor
 Started
schools.
 Colonized Manchuria, Korea, &
.
 Civil
system-pass an exam in the Confucian classics 
 bureaucrats
 Confucian
-gentry
 Revival of
landscape painting.
Emperor Wudi and Expansion
 Martial Emperor - expand his empire through warfare
 Xiongnuwho lived in the grasslands of n. China
The Han Decline
 In 184, a
chaos
 Period of
sect called the Yellow
- 350 years of warfare
rebelled and through the empire into
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Trade Routes of the Ancient World
 The
Road network of trade routes that stretched from
heart of Asia to the Mediterranean Sea
Ruins of Jiao he, Turphan depression. Han
4,000 miles across the
outpost in Central Asia
Han Artifacts
 The Han period was a
age in China history. During this age, art flourished and
science and technology improved life.
Ceramics, Later Han Period
 The Spread of
to China, led to an increase in Buddhist art and statues
Acupuncture
 Inserting fine
into the
at specific points to cure disease and relieve pain
Imperial India: Maurya and the Gupta Empire (350 BC to AD 600)
Chandragupta: 321 BCE-298 BCE
 Unified northern India.
 Defeated the Persian general
.
 Divided his empire into
, then districts for tax assessments and law enforcement.
 He feared
[like Saddam Hussein]  food tasters, slept in different rooms, etc.
 301 BCE  gave up his throne & became a Jain.
The Maurya Empire
 321 BCE – 185 BCE
 The first
Empire
 The seizing of the throne of the kingdom of Magadha
Kautilya

advisor.
 Brahmin caste.
 Wrote The Treatise on
or the Arthashastra.-statescraft
 A guide for the king and his ministers:
 Supports royal power.
 The great
in society is anarchy.
 Therefore, a single
is needed to employ force when
necessary!
Ashoka (304 – 232 BCE)
 Religious conversion after the gruesome battle of
in 262 BCE.
 Dedicated his life to
.
 Built
roads.
 Conflict  how to balance Kautilya’s methods of keeping
and Buddha’s demands to
become a selfless person?
 Considered to be one of India’s greatest rulers
Asoka’s law code
 Edicts scattered in more than
places in India, Nepal, Pakistan, & Afghanistan.
19




Written mostly in
, but one was in Greek and Aramaic.
10 rock edicts.
Each pillar [stupa] is 40’-50’ high.
t principles dominate his laws.
Turmoil & a power Vacuum: 220 BCE – 320 CE
The Maurya Empire is divided into
kingdoms.
– invaders from Central Asia
-far south; carried active sea trade with Southeast Asia
Gupta Empire: 320 CE – 647 CE
India remained divided into
kingdoms for about 400 years.
Then around Ad 320, the
took over northern India.
Gupta Rulers

Gupta I
 r. 320 – 335 CE
 “Great King of Kings”
 founder
 Chandra
II
 r. 375 - 415 CE
 Profitable trade with the Mediterranean world!
 Hindu
.
 White
invade – 450 CE
Fa-Hsien: Life in Gupta India
 Chinese Buddhist monk traveled along the
Road and visited India in the 5c.
 He was following the path of the
.
 He reported the people to be
, relatively free of government oppression, and inclined
towards courtesy and charity. Other references in the journal, however, indicate that the caste
system was rapidly assuming its basic features, including "
," the social isolation of a
lowest class that is doomed to menial labor.
Chandra Gupta 11
Where was he located?
International Trade Routes during the Guptas
What continents did they trade with?
Extensive Trade:
Name three products they traded
Kalidasa
 The greatest of
poets.
 His most famous play was
 During the reign of Chandra Gupta II.
Gupta Art
Greatly influenced
Southeast Asian
Gupta Achievements
&
20
The Decline of the Guptas
 Invasion of the
in the 4c signaled the end of the Gupta Golden Age, even though at
first, the Guptas defeated them.
 After the decline of the Gupta empire, north India broke into a number of separate
kingdoms and was not really unified again until the coming of the
in the 7c.
Bhartrhari 5c India court
and
.
Knowledge is man's crowning mark, A treasure secretly buried,
The source of luxury, fame, and bliss, A guru most venerable,
A friend on foreign journeys, The pinnacle of divinity.
Knowledge is valued by kings beyond wealth--When he lacks it, a man is a brute.