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Chapter 26: Tradition and Change in East Asia
Pulp Fiction
Foreign Trade and the Tokugawa Shogunate
Gentry, Commoners, Soldiers and Mean People
Emperor Hongwu
Foreign Trade and the Qing
Neo-Confucianism
Christianity in Japan
Deshima
Matteo Ricci
Native Learning/ Floating Worlds
Emperor Yongle
Dutch Learning
Filial Piety
Emperor Wanli
Jesuits, Dominicans and Franciscans
Relationship between Chinese government and technology
Emperor Kangxi
Shoguns, daimyo, bakufu
Emperor Qianlong
The Son of Heaven
Scholar Bureaucrats
Civil Service Examinations
Gender Relations/ Foot binding
C 26: Transition and Change in East Asia
What do you remember about China?
Mongol arrows and bombs ;
circa 1293
Chapter 26:
Tradition and Change in East Asia
What is the response in East Asia to increasing global contact?
The Ming Dynasty 1368-1644 CE
The Qing Dynasty 1644-1911 CE
Yuan Dynasty Collapsed
Ming Dynasty founded by
Emperor Hongwu
(r. 1368-1398)
Mandarins= imperial
officials who traveled
country overseeing
govt policies
Role of Mandarins and Eunuchs?
Eunuchs = advisors
Emperor Yongle
at court, presumed
(r. 1403-1424)
to be no threat
Moves capital to Beijing
to deter Mongols
Zheng He?
Great Wall (re)built
Civil Service Exams: The Bureaucracy of Merit
Identification of the educated with national rather than regional goals
1540
Establishment of the scholar-gentry
Actually ran the empire
1873 (Qing): Why was Europe
especially impressed with this system?
Maintained cultural unity
and consensus on basic Confucian valuesprovincial quotasOpen to all males (but mostly the wealthy)
Encouraged upward mobility
Cheating/ corruption/ Death not uncommon
Week long exams
Only 5% passed and received titles
No loss of status for failure instead
Served as patrons of the state
Poetry- Calligraphy- Confucian values- filial piety
Ming Dynasty
official with 2 cranes
“Rank Badge” =
Civil authority of the
First rank
Where Africa will suffer as a result of transoceanic connections, China will flourish.
China will be able to choose how they interact with Europe until the late 19th century
Jesuit Missionary:
Matteo Ricci in the Ming Court 1582
Goal of Ricci and Chinese Response?
Introduced China to
European
technology/culture/
dress…
Chinese lacquer ware
Jesuit Missionary:
Matteo Ricci in the Ming Court 1582
Goal of Ricci and Chinese Response?
NeoConfucianism is
appropriated by
the state
WHY?
Why do the Ming (and Qing) embrace
Neo-Confucianism?
Why does Chinese response to Christian
missionaries change with introduction of
Dominicans and Franciscans?
Unintended effect: Europe now knows China
Died in China: 1610
First to translate Confucius to Latin
Described Christianity in Confucian terms
The Jesuits, such as Johann Schreck,
translated European technical books
into Chinese.
Below image: a description of a
windless well, by a European, 1588.
Left image: Description of a windless
well, in Diagrams and explanations of
the wonderful machines of the Far
West, 1627
[The Jesuits] made efforts to translate western mathematical and astronomical works
into Chinese and aroused the interest of Chinese scholars in these sciences. They
made very extensive astronomical observation and carried out the first modern
cartographic work in China. They also learned to appreciate the scientific
achievements of this ancient culture and made them known in Europe. Through
their correspondence European scientists first learned about the Chinese science and
culture.
The Forbidden City:
Ming Palace
How does the Forbidden
City reflect the goals of
Ming political authority?
Tang/Song=
Innovation/Technology as source
of economic and military strength
Ming/Qing =
Political/Social stability as
Source of strength
Technology too disruptive
Qing dynasty copy
by Chen Zhang of a
Ming dynasty silk
scroll (Tribute
giraffe from
Bengal)
Ming Tribute System
What factors led to the collapse of
The Ming Dynasty
With help of generals
and scholarbureaucrats who desert
the corrupt Ming
emperor
• hedonist emperors lead secluded lives in Forbidden City
• eunuchs usurp imperial control/ power of army/navy
• famine = peasant rebellion 1644 (TREE BARK)
• pirates interrupt trade and tax collection
• internal chaos allows northern Manchus to enter Beijing
• gain control by allying with who?? (Confucian scholars/generals)
• Manchus establish Qing Dynasty
The Qing Dynasty 1644-1911 CE
Liberators?
The 268-year duration of the Qing dynasty was dominated by the rule of
two monarchs: the Kangxi Emperor, who reigned from 1662 to 1722, and
his grandson, the Qianlong Emperor, who reigned from 1736 to 1796.
These two emperors, each of whom reigned for about 60 years, would
set the course of Qing history and in large part create the political,
economic, and cultural legacy inherited by modern China.
MANCHUS:
“Son of Heaven”
Semi-Divine
Inauguration Portrait
Of the Qianlong Emperor
Kangxi Emperor as a
Young Man
Scholar/ Poet
Voracious reader
Engineer
Enlightened Ruler
Portrait of the Qianlong Emperor
As the Bodhisattva Manjusri
Qianlong Emperor:
Height of Qing Dynasty
Kangxi: The Sacred Edicts 1670
What is Confucian about the
following?
 Highly esteem filial piety and the proper relations among brothers in order
to give due importance to social relations
 Give due weight to kinship in order to promote harmony and peace.
 Give due importance to farming and the cultivation of mulberry trees in order
to ensure sufficient clothing and food.
 Explain laws and regulations in order to warn the ignorant and obstinate.
 Show propriety and courtesy to improve customs and manners.
 Work hard in your professions in order to quiet your ambitions
 Promptly and fully pay your taxes in order to avoid forced requisition.
 Get together in groups of ten or a hundred in order to put an end to theft and
robbery
 Free yourself from resentment and anger in order to show respect for your body
and life.
Great military expansion: Korea, Manchuria, Mongolia, China
Find allies in frustrated Chinese (sound familiar?) (However FOUGHT to suppress Ming loyalists for 40
years)
Establish strict rules of behavior: no intermarriage, queue, no Manchu
language for Chinese, kowtow, Chinese could not travel to Manchuria
The Qing Dynasty 1644-1911 CE
kowtow
Ming Pottery
Qing Porcelain
Ming and Qing DO NOT embrace
Technology: WHY NOT?
VS.
Economics of the Qing Dynasty?
Qianlong Reading…
Principal concern of Late Ming/
Qing political leaders was to
preserve the integrity of the
agrarian economy
http://www.learn.columbia.edu/nanxuntu/html/emperors/index.html
Our class website
has a hyperlink
to this page
Tabs that accompany the
Web Quest questions are
located here
Qianlong: Canceled tax collection 4 X
QING Laissez-faire economy: exception salt monopoly
However: Strict control over foreign trade:
GUANGZHOU/ MACAO
Qing Ming Festival or Remembrance Day (April 4th or 5th): Chinese show their
respect for their elders by visiting and cleaning their deceased ancestor’s tombs and
cemeteries. They also traditionally offer food and prayer for their ancestors.
Monday 3/2:
Finish up C 26 discussion
READ Tokugawa Japanese Edicts/ answer questions
Fill out Japan SPICE chart with notes and a friend
Tuesday 3/3:
C 27 Islamic Empires: Fishbowl (Rise/Highlights/Fall)
Everyone has been assigned a topic:
Ottomans, Safavids, Mughals
Be prepared to discuss/ take notes as others present
TEST C 25-26-27: FRI (100 points)
DUE Monday: 3/9
Unit IV Timeline and Chart (90 points)
STUDY!
Spring is
around
the
corner!
Social
MING Dynasty: 1368-1644 CE
QING Dynasty: 1644-1911 CE
Patriarchal, filial piety (family values and obligations extended to society),
women lose power,widows encouraged to commit suicide, no remarriage (arches),
footbinding increases, social order: scholar bureaucrats, gentry, artisans,
merchants, peasants, “mean people” (MING)
Patriarchal, filial piety, social order: scholar bureaucrats, gentry, artisans, merchants,
peasants, “mean people”, QUEUES, Manchus were the ethnic elite, more multiethnic tolerance
under Qianlong, population soared (trade in food crops)
1600s Ming = 100 million, 1900s Qing = 400 million
(QING)
Hierarchal
Patrilineal
Authoritarian
Filial Piety
Female Infanticide
Emperor
Soldiers
Indentured Servants
Scholar Bureaucrats “Mean People” Beggars
Farmers
Workers
Gentry
Artisans
Slaves
Peasants/ Farmers
Merchants
Artisans/ Workers
Scholar Bureaucrats
Merchants
Gentry
Entertainers
Merchants
Emperor
Slaves/ Indentured servants/ entertainers/ = MEAN
Prostitutes/ beggars
PEOPLE
Nara Period: 710-794 CE
Height of Chinese influence in Japan/ equal field system….
Permanent establishment of Buddhism
Chinese influence faded with fall of Tang dynasty
Heian Period: 794-1185 CE
Fujiwara and Minamoto families
Fujiwara become defacto rulers
end of period saw rise of military clans/ civil wars
Kamkura Period: 1185-1333 CE (Medieval Period) post-Chinese
Minamoto family victorious
pre-Modern
did not abolish imperial rule but claimed to rule in the name of the emperor
emperor as figurehead
installed clan leader as SHOGUN
established tradition of SAMURAI (Bushido)
First Minamoto shogun
Tokugawa Shogunate: 1600-1868 CE
SPICE? And Japanese edicts?
Shogun?
Ultimate source
of political authority?
Bakufu?
Daimyo?
Role of daimyo?
Control the daimyo?
Role of the samurai?
How does this role
change?
Foreign trade?
Edo = 1 million by 1700
Kabuki Theater
Social:
S
P
Development
and
Transformatio
n of social
structures
Political:
State-building,
expansion and
conflict
I
C Interaction
E
Between
humans and
the
environment
Social:
S
P
I
C
E
Development
and
Transformatio
n of social
structures
all marriage controlled by bakufu, peace did not support the daimyo and shogun
(warrior class)had to reconfigure their social role, slow population growth due to infanticide,
contraception,
late marriage, abortion, merchant class grows, Dutch learning influences (European
art, medicine, science)4 distinct classes (“castes”) = warrior, farmer, artisan,
merchant
Political:
State-building,
expansion and
conflict
EDICTS?
feudal political order under Tokugawa (shogunate) with economic and social change
occurring in a gradual manner;
bakufu = military government, prohibits trade with Western nations, prohibits
Japanese from traveling abroad to trade 1635 (except with China) (pain of death),
daimyo required to live alternate years at Edo (capital)
Interaction
Between
humans and
the
environment
Island nation, few natural resources, geographically protected
Deshima, known as Dejima in Japanese, was a small artificial island in Nagasaki Bay
(approximately 150 feet by 500 feet) on the southwestern Japanese island of Kyushu.
From 1641 to 1845, Deshima served as the sole conduit of trade between Europe and Japan,
and during the period of self-imposed Japanese seclusion (approximately 1639-1854) was
Japan's only major link to the European world.
Closed
Country Edicts
1635 and 1639
POV?
Culture:
S
Development
and interaction
of cultures
P
I
C
E
Economic:
Creation,
expansion and
interaction of
economic
systems
Culture:
S
Development
and interaction
of cultures
The Japanese daimyo move to curtail missionary activity beginning in the
1590s with goal to end Christianity in Japan, Christianity banned after 1621
(1000s killed).
P
I
C
E
Aware of the political and religious domination of the Philippines since the
Spanish colonized the country in 1565, the Japanese political leaders are
suspicious of the Dominican and Franciscan missionaries that arrive in
Japan from the Philippines and work among the non-samurai classes.
Native religion = shintoism
Neo-Confucianism became official ideology
: the spread of popular education , growing urbanization and the rise of the merchant class, Period
of peace (250 years) : haiku poetry, teahouses, brothels, kabuki theater, “floating worlds”, books of
“love”, “native learning”= support of Japanese identity
Economic:
Creation,
expansion and
interaction of
economic
systems
no trade with the West (Portuguese crew beheaded), expelled foreign merchants and
books, exception is the Dutch who are allowed to trade at Nagasaki, isolated from
outside world by 1630s
What is the greatest CHANGE in China at this time? What is the greatest CHANGE in Japan
at this time?
What is the greatest CONTINUITY in China at this time? What is the greatest CONTINUITY
in Japan at this time?
CHINA
JAPAN_________________________
MING Dynasty: 1368-1644 CE
QING Dynasty: 1644-1911 CE
Geography
Geography of China promoted interregional trade. Yangtze River, Huang He, coastlines,
Taklamaken Desert facilitated this (MING)
Southern Manchuria, pastoral nomads of the steppe tradition, under Manchus the
Chinese empire grows to greatest extent in its history (Tibet, Central Asia, Russia,
SE Asia, Korea) (QING)
Religion
Restored Confucian foundation, Neo-Confucian values, some interaction with
Jesuits although Chinese are suspicious (why?) (MING)
Maintained balance, tolerant of Jesuits, less tolerant of Dominicans and
(QING)
Franciscans WHY? (Chinese were called heretics= Christians expelled under Kangxi),
Neo-Confucianism OK, possible to have Confucian govt, Daoist and Buddhist in private life
Achievements
(Yongle) encyclopedias 3 copies, libraries, restored civil service exams, supported education on
many levels, popular culture celebrated (teahouses, wine shops, popular novels, romances, horror)
Fortified the Great Wall, repaired the Grand Canal, Forbidden City (MING)
encyclopedias/books printed and distributed to all, 7 libraries, Qianlong great supporter of
the arts, great collections of paintings and artifacts, impressed w/Enlightenment thinkers (QING)
(Voltaire, Ralph Waldo Emerson), Monumental sets of scrolls of Inspection Tours (60-80 ft long)
BOTH ensured continued Confucian tradition by support of education and civil service exams
MING Dynasty: 1368-1644 CE
QING Dynasty: 1644-1911 CE
“son of heaven” (human designated to maintain order on earth) return to centralized rule,
scholar bureaucrats = eunuchs and mandarins
advised emperor and ran government day-2-day, scholar gentry support the work of the
district magistrate, powerful army and navy (Zheng He) early on but then faded by
mid 16th century, became corrupt, lost the mandate of heaven
(peasant revolts: eating tree bark, pirates, etc.)
(MING)
Political
“son of heaven”, centralized rule, Kangxi most successful in enlisting help of nobility, brought
nobility to court to create stable govt on Ming model, Qianlong as “universal ruler”, efficient
project manager, wary of European contact (see Spain take over the Philippines)
(QING)
Successful conquest of Korea, Tibet, Mongolia, Taiwan
Economic
TRADE TIGHTLY CONTROLED
After Zheng He, agrarian society, believed that technology was disruptive, (favored stability)
no motivation to industrialize (plenty of labor), did not form political-economic alliance
like the West (Taxed salt and land NOT finished goods)
“Land is the source of everything”, taxes supported central state (MING)
Restrict trade with the West: limit European countries to specific port cities
taxes provided reliable revenue for national AND state, great prosperity,
early efficiency = canceling taxes 4X, agrarian with limited (successful) trade = export: cotton,
silk, lacquer ware, porcelain, tea -----import: silver bullion, still suspicious of technology (QING)
Tokugawa Shogunate:
1600-1868 CE
Geography
Religion
Island nation, few natural resources, geographically protected
Aware of the political and religious domination of the Philippines since the Spanish colonized
the country in 1565, the Japanese political leaders are suspicious of the Dominican and Franciscan
missionaries that arrive in Japan from the Philippines and work among the non-samurai classes.
The Japanese daimyo move to curtail missionary activity beginning in the 1590s with goal to end
Christianity in Japan, Christianity banned after 1621 (1000s killed). Native religion = shintoism
Neo-Confucianism became official ideology
: the spread of popular education , growing urbanization and the rise of the merchant class, Period of
peace (250 years) : haiku poetry, teahouses, brothels, kabuki theater, “floating worlds”, books of “love”,
“native learning”= support of Japanese identity
Achievements
Political
Economic
Social
feudal political order under Tokugawa (shogunate) with economic and social change occurring in a
gradual manner; bakufu = military government, prohibits trade with Western nations, prohibits
Japanese from traveling abroad to trade 1635 (except with China) (pain of death),
daimyo required to live alternate years at Edo (capital)
no trade with the West (Portuguese crew beheaded), expelled foreign merchants and books,
exception is the Dutch who are allowed to trade at Nagasaki, isolated from outside world by 1630s
all marriage controlled by bakufu, peace did not support the daimyo and shogun (warrior class)had to reconfigure their social role, slow population growth due to infanticide, contraception,
late marriage, abortion, merchant class grows, Dutch learning influences (European art, medicine,
science)4 distinct classes (“castes”) = warrior, farmer, artisan, merchant
old pond
a frog jumps in
the sound of water
the first cold shower
even the monkey seems to want
a little coat of straw
The first line usually contains five (5) syllables, the second line
seven (7) syllables, and the third line contains five (5) syllables.
Haiku doesn't rhyme.
A Haiku must "paint" a mental image in the reader's mind.
Many haiku seem to focus on nature, but what they are really
focusing on is a seasonal reference (not all of which are necessarily
about nature).
Haiku are based on the five senses. They are about things you can
experience, not your interpretation or analysis of those things.