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Chapter 14 Lean, Mean, Conquering Machine Focus In this presentation you will learn: the classes of soldier the length of service for a soldier the pay of a soldier the organization of the army the officers/commanders of the army the equipment used by a soldier the tactics of the army special forces Classes Originally based on what the could bring so the wealthier you were the higher your ‘rank’ Senators were leaders Equites were the wealthiest who could provide a horse and constituted the cavalry 1st heavy infantry (the best armed) 2nd heavy infantry (no breastplate) 3rd lightly armed (spears and javelins) 4th lightly armed (spears and javelins) 5th armed with stones/slingshots Each of the above classes had seniores: veterans (aged 47-60) iuniores: rookies (aged 17-46) Proletarii: the poorest citizens excused from service Change of Classes in 390BC we go to Maniples not classes hastii: the youngest troops principes: middle aged; prime fighting age triarii: oldest rorarii: the old 4th class (spears/javelins) velites: the poorest with weapons but no armor Marius changed it again he liked cohorts and armed everyone with a sword and pilum (spear) so that the velites were no more and the differences amongst the hastii, principes and triarii dwindled as well. this also meant a shift from a citizen army to a professional one. Duration originally men served the length of a campaign season (the non farming months) as times changed so did the length of service (16-25 years) after Marius 20+ years was not uncommon Praetorian Guards served less time (12-16 years) Auxiliaries served between 25-30 years Pay First earnings were nothing and soldiers paid for their food, clothing and equipment After 390BC, soldiers received a stipend (daily cash) the stipend ranged from ½ to 1 ½ denarii depending on rank with food deducted from the pay By the 50’s BC the stipend was seen more as an allowance and was fixed at 112.5 denarii a year for legionaries with food deducted from it Julius Caesar doubled pay to 225 denarii Augustus increased the pay of centurions to 3750-15,000 denarii Domitian increased the pay for legionaries to 300 denarii Domitian increased the pay for the Praetorian Guard to 1000 denarii Domitian increased the pay for centurions to 5,000 – 20,000 denarii Soldiers could also expect to “earn” money from booty captured in war Soldiers might be given a ‘bonus’ for their loyalty from Caesar onward Soldiers could also expect gifts of land on retirement Organization The divisions of the army changed but here is the now thought of standard by the time of Julius Caesar contubernia 8 men who shared a tent and a mule century 10 contubernia (80 men) cohort 6 centuries (480 men) legion 9 regular cohorts + the first cohort (5120 men) *the first cohort was ‘doubled’ and consisted of 5 centuries or 800 men In addition each century had a leader called a centurion (59-60) Plus there was the cavalry of about 120 men Thus a legion had around 5300 men tesserarius Officers daily password imaginifer carried the image of the emperor signifer carried the legion’s standards (flags) aquilifer: the eagle standard (very prestigious) optio rear officer (second in command to the centurion) centurion commanded the centuries; trained the men primus pilus centurion of the first cohort praefectus castorum camp prefect/leader of the camp tribunes selected the centurions; 5 were Equestrian legatus overall commander of the legion appointed by the emperor magister equitum assistant to the dictator dictator a commander of chief appointed in times of emergency emperor/king commander in chief during their respective eras Equipment caligae hobnail boots galea helmet with cheek and neck guards lorica hamata shirt of chain mail lorica segmenta “plate armor” overlapping pieces of iron lorica squamata “scale armor” overlapping scales of iron or bronze resembling pugio dagger gladius sword pilum javelin/spear scutum shield A Soldier’s Pack A Roman soldier was expected to carry all of his own personal items, like the weapons from the previous slide and additional equipment. He had to carry his luggage, stakes for camp, bronze mess tin, cooking pot, rations for 3-20 (depending on the era) days, a saw, basket, pickax, sickle, leather strap and chain, shovel. The weight of the pack has been estimated at 66-100 lbs! Also soldiers were expected to march 18 miles a day, up to 30 if in a hurry! Tactics Phalanx: shields were overlapped and spears extended Testudo: shields were overlapped on all sides Circumvallation: surrounding an area with ramparts and trenches, cutting it off If storming a town did not work, the Romans starved it! For sieges, battering rams, towers and catapults were all used. Special Forces Navy The poorest citizens often Praetorian Guard The personal body guard of the general and later the emperor Recruited only from Italy Served shorter lengths Higher Pay Auxiliaries The specialist needed in an army Cavalry and archers Recruited from allies or paid soldiers Granted citizenship after service Longer lengths of service became sailors. Were ranked far below soldiers Lower pay and longer terms of service Not particularly great Best maneuver was to use the ship as a platform to land soldiers Assignment Now that you know all about the Roman Army, it wants you! That’s right....it is time for you to create a recruitment poster. Your poster must list what you can bring to the army, what you will carry, the size of your legion, how long you will serve and what salary you expect plus a graphic. Your poster should be appealing to the eye. Additionally, it should look like you took your time and put some effort into it. Your poster may be submitted through the assignment page as a word document or any other format...as long as it can be readily opened.