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Exploring American History Unit X – Modern America Chapter 31– America Looks to the Future Section 1 – The End of the 20th Century. Main Idea 1: Major global changes took place during the presidency of George H. W. Bush. 1988 Election Reagan’s vice president, George H. W. Bush, defeated Democratic candidate Michael Dukakis after a hard-fought campaign. Cold War Ends Mikhail Gorbachev continued reforms in the Soviet Union while pro-democracy movements gained strength in Eastern Europe. October 1989, East Germans overthrew Communist government and new government agreed to open borders. November 9, East and West Berliners smashed through the Berlin Wall, a symbol of the Cold War. Soon, several Soviet republics declared independence and the Soviet Union broke apart, marking the end of the Cold War. Germany Oct. 1989- East Germany gets rid of its Communist government and opens the Berlin Wall. Berlin Wall torn down. Oct. 3 1990- East and West Germany are reunited into one Germany. Gorbachev and the Soviet Union March 1985- Gorbachev is General Secretary of Communist party. Glasnost- “openness”, allowing criticism and freedom of the press Perestroika- “restructuring” of the Soviet society- less government control, introduced private enterprise and took steps for a democratic government. Warsaw Pact Countries- Eastern Europe Hungary and Bulgariasuccessful transition from communism Romania- “Violent Revolution”- Pres. Ceausescu. Czechoslovakia- “Velvet Revolution” Yugoslavia-Collapsed. Ethnic rivalries caused brutal war among Muslims, Orthodox Serbs, and Roman Catholics. Ethnic Cleansing Baltic State- Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. Independent Soviet Union Declines Dec. 1991- 14 Russian Republics declare independence. Ethnic unrest across USSRdifferent national groups argue over borders. Gorbachev resigns- not popular at home and the Soviet Union dissolves. CIS- Commonwealth of Independent States takes overloose federation Feb. 1992- Boris Yeltsin-President of Russia signs START II pact with U.S.A. “Operation Just Cause”- Panama 1988- Federal Grand jury indicts Noreiga on drug trafficking charges. (International drug trafficking) Manuel Noriega- commander of police and military forces in Panama, in charge of Panama. Stuffed the ballot box. Dec. 20, 1989- President Bush sent in U.S. forces to topple Noriega. Noriega took refuge in Vatican embassy but finally surrenders. Convicted in Miami and sentenced to 40 years in prison. Many Latin American nations deplored this “Yankee Imperialism”, but many were please to be rid of the dictator. Double Click on Movie to start 1:16 min. Demonizing the Enemy: Saddam Hussein and Manuel Noriega- 5:09 The Persian Gulf War Iraq’s brutal dictator, Saddam Hussein, invaded neighboring oilrich Kuwait. United Nations called for immediate withdrawal. UN coalition launched Operation Desert Storm when Hussein refused to withdraw. President Bush began assembling a coalition of nations to drive Iraq from Kuwait. Air offensive led by U.S. generals Norman Schwarzkopf and Colin Powell, the highest-ranking African American ever to serve in U.S. military. After a six-week bombing campaign, UN forces invaded Kuwait and Iraq soon agreed to a cease-fire. About 22,300 Iraqi soldiers and civilians were killed UN forces lost around 223 soldiers, 148 of which were American More than 35,000 American women served in the war in noncombat positions. “Operation Desert Storm”- Iraq Patriot Missile Battery “Operation Desert Storm”- Iraq “Operation Desert Storm”- Iraq In 1979 Saddam Hussein took control of Iraq, killing 21 of his cabinet members. In 1990 he invaded Kuwait and in less than 4 hours he had taken Kuwait and controlled 24% of the worlds oil supplies. It seemed as if his next target was Saudi Arabia. United States entered after a call for protection by Saudi Arabia. The United States set a deadline, January 15, 1991 for all Iraq forces to be out of Kuwait, but Saddam ignored the deadline. That triggered Desert Shield, or the build-up of troops in the region and eventually led to Desert Storm, a all-out attack to free Kuwait. “Operation Desert Shield”- Iraq Chronology: Important Events- 1990 On 25 July US Ambassador to Iraq, April Glaspie, tells Hussein that the Iraq/Kuwaiti dispute is an Arab matter, not one that affects the United Stat Hussein invades Kuwait on August 2. President Bush freezes Iraqi and Kuwaiti assets. The United Nations calls on Hussein to withdraw. Economic sanctions are authorized. Iraq annexes Kuwait The UN declares Iraq's annexation invalid Military interdiction authorized by the UN. UN Security Council authorizes force if Iraq doesn’t withdraw from Kuwait by midnight EST Jan. 15. Congress votes to allow for US troops to be used in offensive operations. “Operation Desert Storm”- Iraq3:51 “Operation Desert Storm”- Iraq Chronology: Important Events- 1991 The air war started Jan 17 at 2:38 a.m. (local time) or January 16 at 6:38PM EST due to an 8 hour time difference, with an Apache helicopter attack. US warplanes attack Baghdad, Kuwait and other military targets in Iraq. Iraq launches first SCUD Missile attack. US forces in the Gulf exceed 500,000. Feb 6, President Bush issues an ultimatum of Feb 23 for Iraqi troops to withdraw from Kuwait. Feb 23, 1991 Ground war begins with Marines, Army and Arab forces moving into Iraq and Kuwait. Feb 27, 1991 President Bush orders a cease fire effective at midnight Kuwaiti time. “Operation Desert Storm”- Iraq- 5:15 min. Main Idea 2: During Bill Clinton’s presidency, the nation experienced scandal, economic growth, and the rise of terrorist threats. 1992 Election Republican candidate: President George H. W. Bush Democratic candidate: Arkansas governor Bill Clinton Americans supported his handling of the Gulf War. Told voters he would focus on improving the struggling U.S. economy Clinton won a three-way race against Bush and Ross Perot, who ran as an independent candidate. Clinton and Congress Under President Clinton’s leadership Congress Passed a budget to reduce the deficit by cutting spending and raising taxes; and Supported the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which eliminated trade barriers between the United States, Canada, and Mexico. In 1994 congressional elections, Republicans won a majority in Congress for the first time since 1952. House minority leader Newt Gingrich spearheaded the victory with promotion of a set of policies called the Contract with America, promising lower taxes and smaller government. NAFTA- North American Free Trade Agreement Brings US, Canada and Mexico into a free-trade zone. Supporters- it will strengthen all three economies, and create more jobs. Opponents American jobs would be transferred to Mexico where wages are lower. More than 100,000 low-wage jobs went to Mexico after NAFTA passed. Environment would be harmed due to Mexico’s lower standards. Competition with foreign companies caused US companies to keep wages low. Treaty Ratified- January 1, 1994 NAFTA- North American Free Trade Agreement – 1:34 Clinton’s Second Term In 1996 election Clinton won a second term by defeating Senator Bob Dole of Kansas. Second Term was dominated by questions about Clinton’s personal and official conduct. Charged with having an inappropriate relationship with a White House intern and then lying about it under oath In 1998 the House of Representatives voted to impeach Clinton, but the Senate acquitted him of charges. Scandal damaged Clinton’s public image. President William J. Clinton Foreign Affairs NAFTA- North American Free Trade Agreement GATT- Global Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Ethnic cleansing in Bosnia Peace in Ireland and Middle East Pulls troops out of Somalia Signs START I Grants diplomatic recognition with Vietnam. Israeli-Palestinian Declaration of Principles- Arafat and Rabin 1996-1997- Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Actrestricts the availability of suspension of deportation. Tougher for illegal aliens to get to stay due to hardship. Must be in US for 10 years 1st. The Impeachment and Removal of the President by Congress (03:38) A Dangerous World Collapse of Soviet Union left the United States as the world’s only superpower. Clinton appointed Madeleine Albright as the first woman to be secretary of state. United States worked to protect global peace and democracy Helped adapt U.S. foreign policy Helped to negotiate an end to war in Balkan region of Europe after former nation of Yugoslavia broke apart Terrorism– the use of violence by individuals or small groups to advance political goals– became a major issue in the 1990s. April 1995– American terrorists bombed an Oklahoma federal building, killing 168 people. 1998– Hundreds killed in a bomb attacks on U.S. embassies in Africa. Increasingly deadly attacks were made by extremist Islamic groups. Yugoslavia 1991- Yugoslavia broke up into 5 nations. 1991- Bosnia- Serbs began “ethnic cleansing” of certain ethnic groups. Millions of refugees, and over 200,000 killed. Clinton hesitates to help. 1995- Dayton Accords- U.S helps negotiate a peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and US troops sent in to join NATO troops. 1998- Kosovo- Serbs attack ethnic Albanians. US and NATO launch air strikes. Violation of International law? US troops stayed longer than promiseddrawing criticism. 9 Years. #1- Rebuilding Kosovo- 3:25 min. #3 - The Air War on Kosovo- 1:45 min. Kosovo #2 - History-1:59 min . April 19, 1995 (02:54)