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CHAPTER
Twenty-seven
The Cold War World:
Global Politics, Economic
Recovery, and Cultural Change
Introduction
• Wasteland
• Europe as land of wreckage and confusion
• Refugees returned home
• Housing now scarce, food in short supply
Introduction
• Trauma
• The brutality of war
• Civil war
• Liberation and betrayal
Introduction
• Recovery
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Government authority
Functioning bureaucracies
Legitimate legal systems
Memories
Introduction
• The emergence of the superpowers and
the cold war
• Collapse of the European empires
The Cold War and a Divided Continent
• The Iron Curtain
• Teheran (1943) and Yalta (1945)
Conferences
• Soviets argued they had a legitimate claim to
eastern Europe
The Cold War and a Divided Continent
• The Soviets and Eastern Europe
• The “people’s republics”
• Sympathetic to Moscow
• One party took hold of key positions of power
• Churchill’s “Iron Curtain” speech (Fulton, Missouri,
1946)
• Communist governments in Poland, Hungary,
Romania, Bulgaria, and Czechoslovakia (1948)
• Soviet purges in the parties and administrations of
satellite governments
• Began in the Balkans
• Extended through Czechoslovakia, East Germany, and
Poland
The Cold War and a Divided Continent
• The Soviets and Eastern Europe
• Greece
• Local communist-led resistance
• British and United States determined to keep
Greece in their sphere of influence
• Greece as touchstone for escalating American
fear of communist expansion
The Cold War and a Divided Continent
• The Soviets and Eastern Europe
• The two Germanys
• Four occupied zones became two hostile states
• Berlin divided as well
• Three Western allies created a single government for their
territories in 1948
• Soviets retaliated with the Berlin blockade (June 1948–
May 1949)
• Cut all roads, trains, and river access from the western zone
to West Berlin
• The Berlin airlift
• The Federal Republic (West Germany)
• The German Democratic Republic (East Germany)
The Cold War and a Divided Continent
• The Marshall Plan
• U.S. response to Soviet expansion was massive
economic and military aid
• The Truman Doctrine (1947)
• Military assistance to anticommunists in Greece
• Tied the contest for political power to economics
• The Marshall Plan (1948)
• $13 billion of aid for industrial development over four years
• Encouraged states to diagnose their own problems and
develop solutions
• North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO, April
1949)
• United States, Canada, and representatives from Western
European states
• Greece, Turkey, and West Germany added later
• Armed attack against one is an armed attack against all
The Cold War and a Divided Continent
• Two worlds and the race for the bomb
• Soviet response
• Warsaw Pact (1955)
• Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland,
Romania, East Germany
The Cold War and a Divided Continent
• Two worlds and the race for the bomb
• The nuclear arms race
• Soviets tested an atom bomb in 1949
• Soviets and United States both had the hydrogen bomb in
1953
• One thousand times more powerful than the Hiroshima
explosion
• The “nuclearization of warfare”
• Polarized the cold war
• Forced other countries to join United States or Soviets
• Generated fears that local conflicts might trigger a general
war
• The bomb as symbol of an age
• Science, technology, and progress
• The threat of mass destruction
The Cold War and a Divided Continent
• Two worlds and the race for the bomb
• Was the cold war inevitable?
• Stalin’s ambitions fueled the cold war
• United States feared Soviet expansion
• Domestic intensification of the cold war
• Anxiety
• Air raid drills, spy trials, the menacing “other”
The Cold War and a Divided Continent
• Khrushchev and the thaw
• Death of Stalin (March 1953)
• Nikita Khrushchev (1894–1971) came to
power in 1956
• Agreed to summit with Britain, France, and the
United States
The Cold War and a Divided Continent
• Khrushchev and the thaw
• The secret speech (1956)
• Denounced Stalinist excesses
• The thaw (1956–1958)
• Camps released thousands of prisoners
• The rehabilitation of relatives of those executed or
imprisoned under Stalin
• Cultural expression freed up
• Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
• One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich (1962)
• The Gulag Archipelago (Paris, 1973)
• Arrest and exile
The Cold War and a Divided Continent
• Repression in Eastern Europe
• Poland
• Demands for more independence to manage
their own economy (1956)
• Government responded with military repression
and promises of liberalization
• Poland’s loyalty to the Warsaw Pact
The Cold War and a Divided Continent
• Repression in Eastern Europe
• Hungary
• Imre Nagy—nationalist and communist
• Attempted to leave Warsaw Pact
• Soviet troops entered Budapest on November 4,
1956
• East Germany
• East Germans continued to flee (2.7 million
between 1949 and 1961)
• Khrushchev demanded a permanent division of
Germany with a free city of Berlin
• The Berlin Wall (1961)
Economic Renaissance
• The economic “miracle”
• War provided technologies with practical
and immediate applications
• Improved communications
• Manufacture of synthetic materials,
aluminum, and alloy steels
• Advances in techniques of prefabrication
• High consumer demand and high levels of
employment
Economic Renaissance
• The role of government
• The necessity of planning
• “Mixed economies” provided public and private
ownership
• West Germany experienced unprecedented
economic growth
• Production increased sixfold (1948–1964)
• Unemployment reached 0.4 percent (1965)
• Britain
• The economy remained sluggish
• Obsolete factories and methods
• Unwillingness to adopt new techniques
Economic Renaissance
• European economic integration
• European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC,
1951)
• European Economic Community (EEC or Common
Market)
• France, West Germany, Italy, Britain, Holland, and
Luxembourg
• Abolition of trade barriers
• Committed to common external tariffs
• The free movement of labor
• A unified wage structure and social security systems
• The “Eurocrats”
• EEC became the world’s largest importer (1963)
• Total production 70 percent higher than it had been in 1950
Economic Renaissance
• European economic integration
• Bretton Woods (July 1944)
• Aimed to coordinate movements of the global
economy
• Created the International Monetary Fund (IMF)
and the World Bank
• All currencies pegged to the dollar
Economic Renaissance
• Economic development in the East
• National income rose and output increased
• Poland and Hungary strengthened their
economic connections with the West
• COMECON compelled other members to
trade with the Soviet Union
Economic Renaissance
• The welfare state
• “Welfare state” coined by Clement Atlee
(British Labour Party)
• Britain
• Free medical health care through the National
Health Service
• Assistance to families
• Guaranteed secondary education
• Welfare relief as entitlement and not poor
relief
Economic Renaissance
• European politics
• Pragmatism
• Konrad Adenauer
• West German chancellor (1949–1963)
• Despised German militarism
• Remained apprehensive about German parliamentary
government
• General Charles de Gaulle and the Fifth French
Republic
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Retired from politics in 1946
Returned to office after Algerian war (1958)
Insisted on a new constitution
Strengthened executive branch of government
France withdrew from NATO in 1966
Cultivated better relations with Soviet Union
Modern military establishment, with atomic weapons
Revolution, Anticolonialism, and the Cold
War
• The Third World
Revolution, Anticolonialism, and
the Cold War
• The Chinese Revolution (1949)
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Civil war since 1926
Chiang Kai-shek (1887–1975)—nationalist
Mao Zedong (1893–1976)—communist
Nationalists and communists defeated
Japan
• Mao refused to surrender northern provinces
• U.S. intervention
• The Revolution was the act of a nation of
peasants
Revolution, Anticolonialism, and
the Cold War
• The Chinese Revolution (1949)
• Mao adapted Marxism to Chinese
conditions
• The “loss of China” provoked fear in the
West
• United States considered China and the
Soviet Union to be a “communist bloc”
Revolution, Anticolonialism, and
the Cold War
• The Korean War
• A cold war hot spot
• Korea under Japanese control during World
War II
• Post-1945—Soviets controlled north (Kim
Jong II) and United States controlled south
(Syngman Rhee)
• North Korean troops attacked across the
border (June 1950)
Revolution, Anticolonialism, and
the Cold War
• The Korean War
• United States brought invasion to the
attention of the UN Security Council
• UN permitted an American-led “police action”
• General Douglas MacArthur (1880–1964)
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Former military governor of occupied Japan
Led amphibious assault behind North Korean lines
Wanted to press assault into China
Relieved of duty by Truman
• Chinese troops supported North Koreans
Revolution, Anticolonialism, and
the Cold War
• The Korean War
• Stalemate
• The end of the Korean conflict (June 1953)
• Korea remained divided
Revolution, Anticolonialism, and
the Cold War
• Decolonization
• The decline of older empires
• Nationalist movements and independence
Revolution, Anticolonialism, and
the Cold War
• The British Empire unravels
• India
• Post-1945—waves of Indian protest for Britain to quit India
• Mohandas K. Gandhi (1869–1948)
• Pioneered anticolonial ideas and tactics
• Advocated swaraj (self-rule), nonviolence, and civil
disobedience
• Jawaharlal Nehru (1889–1964)
• Led the proindependence Congress Party
• Ethnic and religious conflict
• The Muslim League
• British India partitioned into India (majority Hindu) and
Pakistan (majority Muslim)
• Brutal religious and ethnic warfare
Revolution, Anticolonialism, and
the Cold War
• The British Empire unravels
• Palestine
• Balfour Declaration (1917)
• Promised a “Jewish homeland” in Palestine for
European Zionists
• Rising conflict between Jewish settlers and
Arabs (1930s)
• British limited further immigration (1939)
• A three-way war
• Palestinian Arabs—fighting for land and independence
• Jewish settlers determined to defy British rule
• British administrators with divided sympathies
Revolution, Anticolonialism, and
the Cold War
• The British Empire unravels
• Palestine
• United Nations partitioned territory into two
states
• Israel declared independence in May 1948
• Palestinian Arabs clustered in refugee camps
• Gaza strip
• West bank of the Jordan River
Revolution, Anticolonialism, and
the Cold War
• The British Empire unravels
• Africa
• Several west African colonies moved toward
independence
• Britain left constitutions and a legal system but no
economic support
• More African colonies gained independence
• Could not redress losses from colonialism
• Britain tolerated apartheid in South Africa
• Banned political protest
Revolution, Anticolonialism, and
the Cold War
• The British Empire unravels
• Crisis in Suez and the end of an era
• Britain found the cost of maintaining naval and
air bases too high
• Nationalists forced British to withdraw troops
from Egypt within three years (1951)
• King Farouk (1921–1965) deposed by nationalist
officers and a republic is proclaimed (1952)
Revolution, Anticolonialism, and
the Cold War
• The British Empire unravels
• Crisis in Suez and the end of an era
• Gamal Abdel Nasser (1918–1970)
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Became Egyptian president
Nationalization of the Suez Canal Company
Financing the Aswan Dam
Pan-Arabism
Willing to take aid and support from the Soviets
Revolution, Anticolonialism, and
the Cold War
• The British Empire unravels
• Crisis in Suez and the end of an era
• Israel, France, and Britain found pan-Arabism
threatening
• Egypt attacked by Israel, France, and Britain
(1956)
• United States inflicted financial penalties on
Britain and France, forced to withdraw
Revolution, Anticolonialism, and
the Cold War
• French decolonization
• The French experience
• Decolonization was bloodier, more difficult, and
more damaging to French prestige
Revolution, Anticolonialism, and
the Cold War
• French decolonization
• The first Vietnam War, 1946–1954
• The French in Indochina—one of France’s last
imperial acquisitions
• Nationalist and communist independence
movements
• Ho Chi Minh (1890–1969)
• Hoped for independence at Versailles (1919)
• Marxist peasants organized around social, agrarian,
and national issues
• Allies supported communist independence
movement
Revolution, Anticolonialism, and
the Cold War
• French decolonization
• The first Vietnam War, 1946–1954
• Vietnamese guerrilla war against the French
• French pressed on for total victory
• French established a base at Dien Bien Phu (fell
in May 1954)
• French began peace talks at Geneva
• The Geneva Accords
• Vietnam divided into two states
• North Vietnam—taken over by Ho Chi Minh’s party
• South Vietnam—taken over by pro-Western politicians
• A virtual guarantee that war would continue
Revolution, Anticolonialism, and
the Cold War
• French decolonization
• Algeria
• Since the 1830s, a settler state of three social
groups
• One million Europeans (farmers, vintners, working
class, small merchants)
• Muslim Berbers (formal and informal privileges)
• Muslim Arabs (largest and most deprived sector)
• Post-1945—Algerian nationalists called on the
Allies to recognize their independence
• France granted limited enfranchisement
• Settlers and Berber Muslims
• Arabs
Revolution, Anticolonialism, and
the Cold War
• French decolonization
• Algeria
• Arab activists form the National Liberation Front
(FLN) in the mid-1950s
• Civil war on three fronts
• Guerrilla war between regular French army and FLN
• FLN terrorism in Algerian cities
• Systematic torture by French security forces
• De Gaulle declared that Algeria would always be
French
Revolution, Anticolonialism, and
the Cold War
• French decolonization
• Algeria
• Algeria declared its independence by
referendum in 1962
• The war divided French society
• The identity of France
Postwar Culture and Thought
• The black presence
• Présence Africaine (published at Paris,
1947)
• Aimé Césaire (b. 1913) and Léopold Senghor
(1906–2001)
• Both men were the exponents of Négritude
(black consciousness)
• Powerful indictments of colonialism
Postwar Culture and Thought
• The black presence
• Frantz Fanon (1925–1961)
• Withdrawing into black culture was not an
answer to racism
• A theory of radical social change
• Pointed to the ironies of Europe’s “civilizing
mission”
• The reevaluation of blackness
Postwar Culture and Thought
• Existentialism
• Jean-Paul Sartre (1905–1980) and Albert
Camus (1913–1960)
• Individuality, commitment, and choice
• “Existence precedes essence”
• Meaning in life is not given, it is created
• “Individuals are condemned to be free”
• Camus—The Stranger (1942), The Plague
(1947), and The Fall (1956)
Postwar Culture and Thought
• Existentialism
• Existentialism and race
• Race derived meaning from lived experience
• Simon de Beauvoir (1908–1986)
• The Second Sex (1949)
• “One is not born a woman, one becomes one”
• Asked why women dream the dreams of men?
Postwar Culture and Thought
• Memory and amnesia: The aftermath of
war
• The Frankfurt school
• Theodore Adorno (1903–1969) and Max
Horkheimer (1895–1973)
• Dialectic of Enlightenment (1947)
• Indictment of the “culture industry” for depoliticizing the
masses
Postwar Culture and Thought
• Memory and amnesia: The aftermath of
war
• Hannah Arendt (1906–1975)
• Nazism and Stalinism should be understood as a
form of totalitarianism
• The Origins of Totalitarianism (1951)
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Totalitarianism worked by mobilizing mass support
Used terror to crush resistance
The atomization of the public
Made collective resistance impossible
Conclusion
• Fidel Castro
• The Bay of Pigs (1961)
• The Cuban missile crisis (1962)
• Dr. Strangelove (1964)
• Eisenhower and the military-industrial
complex
This concludes the Lecture PowerPoint for Chapter 27.
http://www.wwnorton.com/college/history/wciv_16e/brief