Download Chapter 10 - hmmskings

Chapter 10
A Changing Nation
Section 4: Indian Removal
Section 4 Essential Question
Why did Jackson use force to remove Native
Americans from the Southeast?
Section 4: Indian Removal
 Native Americans of the Southeast
 In 1828 more than 100,000 Native Americans lived east
of the Mississippi River
 These groups include the Choctaw, Chickasaw,
Cherokee, Creek
 The lived in parts of Alabama, Mississippi, Georgia,
North Carolina, and Tennessee
 Many of the southeastern Native Americans lived in
towns or were farmers
Section 4: Indian Removal
 Native Americans of the Southeast (cont)
The Cherokee
 Had adopted white customs
 Farmed, ran businesses
 Had their own schools
 Some converted to Christianity
 Their leader Sequoyah had created the Cherokee
alphabet
 In 1827, they established a government based on a
written constitution and claimed status as a
separate nation.
 They had a newspaper published in both English
and Cherokee
Section 4 Essential Question
What were some of the customs and ways of life of the
Cherokees?
Many converted to Christianity, spoke English, and
ran businesses.
Section 4: Indian Removal
 Conflict over Land
 To many government leaders and white farmers, Native
Americans blocked westward expansion. Native Americans
lived on fertile land and white farmers wanted this land for
growing cotton.
 Forced Movement
 Many Americans including Thomas Jefferson,
thought the only way to prevent conflict and protect
Native American culture was to send Native
Americans west.
Section 4: Indian Removal
 Conflict over Land (cont)
 Treaties
 Native Americans signed treaties after the war of 1812
– NW native Americans moved west of the Mississippi
 Pressure grew on SE Natives
 Monroe tried to get them to move
 White southerners demanded that they be moved
by force
 Georgia passed a law forcing the Creek to give up
most of their land
 1828 they did the same with the Cherokee
The Cherokee
In 1830--the same year the Indian Removal Act was passed--gold was found
on Cherokee lands. Georgia held lotteries to give Cherokee land and gold
rights to whites. Cherokees were not allowed to conduct tribal business,
contract, testify in courts against whites, or mine for gold.
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
Supreme Court ruling
Support for Native Americans
The Cherokee challenged
Georgia in court!
Cherokee Nation v.
Georgia (1831)
Court refused to
stop Georgia from
enforcing its law
Worcester v. Georgia (1832)
The Cherokees successfully challenged Georgia in the U.S. Supreme Court.
In his ruling, John Marshall pointed to treaties that the United States had
signed with the Cherokees. These treaties guaranteed certain territory to
the Native Americans.
President Jackson, when hearing of the Court's decision, reportedly said,
"[Chief Justice] John Marshall has made his decision; let him enforce it
now if he can.
Section 4 Essential Question
According to Marshall, why was Georgia barred from
applying its laws to Cherokee territory?
Marshall said that the Cherokees had a right to their
land because they were a Native American tribe
that had treaties with the United States. The state
of Georgia could not violate federal laws and
treaties.
Indian Removal Act of 1830
The Trail Where We Cried
(Trail of Tears)
Section 4: Indian Removal
 The Trail of Tears
 Removal of the Choctaws
 Under the IRA of 1830 – the government gave lands west of the
Mississippi for their lands east of the Mississippi
 Choctaws signed first
 They moved west guarded by soldiers from 1831-33
 The government federal government did not give the Choctaws enough
food and supplies for the long journey
 An army officer noted that

One group walked 24 hours barefoot though the snow and ice before
reaching shelter
 Removal of the Cherokee
 They held out longer, but were forced out in 1838 by Van Buren
 Similar conditions
 Guarded by thousands of soldiers, they marched hundreds of miles
 15,000 began the journey - @11,000 arrived
Indian Removal Act
Indian Removal Act
Section 4 Essential Question
What mistakes in planning did the government make
before removing Native Americans?
It did not provide enough tents, food, blankets, shoes,
winter clothes, or other supplies.
Section 4 Essential Question
Why did Jackson use force to remove Native
Americans from the Southeast?
Whites wanted their land, and Native Americans
would not move voluntarily. The government
decided that Native Americans stood in the way of
westward expansion.