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Chapter 9 U.S. Emergence as a World
Power
■ #1 U.S. Foreign Policy and Imperialism
■Essential Question:
–How did America’s role in the
world change by 1900?
■Warm-Up Question:
–What is “foreign policy”?
–Why would the U.S. want to
annex each of the following
territories during the late 1800s?
*Alaska *Hawaii *Puerto Rico
America’s Changing Role in the World
■From 1790 to 1900, the U.S.
expanded its role in world affairs:
Explain what each of the
following primary sources reveal
about America’s foreign policy
at the time of the quote
America’s Changing Role in the World
■From 1790 to 1900, the U.S.
expanded its role in world affairs:
–In
1796,
“The
Great
rule George
of conductWashington
for [the U.S.],
promoted
policyis in extending
in regard
to foreignaNations
our commercial
relations
of neutrality
& to have with them
as little
politicalagainst
connection as possible...
warned
'Tis our alliances
true policy to
steer
clear
of
permanent
with
alliances, with any portion of the foreign world”
foreign
nations
—George Washington, Farewell Address (1796)
(especially Europe)
America’s Changing Role in the World
■From 1790 to 1900, the U.S.
expanded its role in world affairs:
“The
continents…are
henceforth
–InAmerican
1823, the
Monroe Doctrine
not to
be considered
as subjects for future
asserted
neutrality
colonization
by
any
European
powers.
but proclaimed that
We should consider any attempt on their
the U.S. would
part to extend their system to any portion
the western
of protect
this hemisphere
as dangerous to our
hemisphere
from
peace and
safety”
European—The
influence
Monroe Doctrine (1823)
America’s Changing Role in the World
■From 1790 to 1900, the U.S.
expanded its role in world affairs:
–InAmerican
1845, the
“The
claimU.S.
is by the right of our
used
treaties
&
manifest
destiny
to overspread
and to possess
warsofto
itswhich Providence
the whole
thepursue
continent
has“Manifest
given us forDestiny”
the development of the
great
liberty and federated
&experiment
expand toof the
self-government
entrusted
to
us”
Pacific Ocean
—John O’Sullivan, New York Morning News (1845)
America’s Changing Role in the World
■From 1790 to 1900, the U.S.
expanded its role in world affairs:
–By the 1890s,
“American
factories are making more than
the U.S.
the American
gainedpeople
new can use; American soil is
producing
more than they can consume. Fate
overseas
has written
our policy
colonies
& for us; the trade of the
world must and
developed
a shall be ours.”
—Senator
more
active Albert Beveridge (1898)
foreign policy
Reasons for U.S. Imperialism
■In the late 1800s, the United States
emerged as an imperialist nation:
–Imperialism is the act of strong
nations exerting their power over
weaker nations, often by gaining
new colonies
–From 1867 to 1904, the U.S,
annexed Alaska, Hawaii, Guam,
Puerto Rico, the Philippines &
built the Panama Canal
American Imperialism
Reasons for U.S. Imperialism
■ Americans were motivated by a
variety of factors to imperialize:
–In 1890, the U.S. census declared
that the frontier was closed & there
were no new lands in the “west”
for Americans to expand into
–During the Gilded Age, American
industry grew so large that new
overseas markets & new sources
of raw materials were needed
European powers had acquired colonies
& many Americans believed that the USA
had to imperialize in order to keep up
Reasons for U.S. Imperialism
■At the urging of Admiral Alfred Mahan,
the USA developed a modern navy,
allowing the U.S. to compete with other
powerful nations
■Many believed that Social Darwinism
gave Americans a duty to “civilize” the
“inferior races” of the world by
introducing medicine, technology,
Christianity, & democracy
The White Man’s Burden
Civilization
Vice
Ignorance
Barbarism
Superstition
Oppression
From 1820
1890,
In
1891, Queen
U.S.toImperialism:
HAWAII
Americans moved
Liliuokalani came to
to Hawaii as
power & tried to reduce
missionaries & fruit the power of Americans
plantation owners
living in Hawaii
Americans overthrew Queen Liliuokalani in
1893 & Hawaii was annexed by the USA in 1898
By theU.S.
1890s,
European
imperial
powers
Imperialism: CHINA
carved China into spheres of influence, giving
them exclusive trade rights in Chinese ports
In 1899, the USA declared an
Open Door Policy in China to allow
free trade by any nation in any port
In U.S.
1895,newspapers
Cubans declared
their independence
sensationalized
the events
U.S.
Imperialism:
CUBA
from
Spain;
To putasdown
the journalism”)
revolution,
in Cuba
(known
“yellow
Spain used brutal tactics (like starvation)
In 1898, the U.S. sent the USS Maine to
Cuba to protect American interests there;
After the ship mysteriously exploded,
Americans declared war on Spain
The Spanish-American War was fought to
liberate Cuba & the Philippines from Spanish
control; The war lasted only 113 days
Teddy Roosevelt & the Rough Riders
As a result of the Spanish-American War,
Cuba was liberated & the USA annexed the
Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico
U.S. Imperialism: PUERTO RICO
Puerto Rice is still a U.S. territory;
Lots of poverty & unemployment
When
Philippines were
annexed by
U.S.the
Imperialism:
PHILIPPINES
the USA & not granted independence
after the Spanish-American War, the
Filipino-American War began in 1898
The Filipino-American War lasted 3 years
& cost more in money & American lives
than the Spanish-American War
TR added
When the
Theodore
Roosevelt
Roosevelt
Corollary
became
to the
U.S.
Imperialism:
DOMINICAN
REPUBLIC
Monroe
president,
Doctrine,
he used
giving
“Bigthe
Stick
United
Diplomacy”:
States
“police
Developpowers”
an active
toU.S.
protect
foreign
Latin
policy
America
with a
strong
from European
navy to accomplish
imperialism
goals
TR used
“BigImperialism:
Stick Diplomacy”
to build the
U.S.
PANAMA
Panama Canal by encouraging a
Panamanians to rebel from Colombia
The Debate over American Imperialism
■ Not all Americans
supported imperialism:
–The Anti-Imperialist
League formed in
1899 to fight U.S.
annexation of the
Philippines
–Many argued that the
U.S. had no right to
force American
culture upon others
The U.S. Becomes a World Power
■ By the 20th century, the USA was a
world power:
–Built the world’s 3rd largest navy
–Annexed Hawaii, the Philippines,
Puerto Rico, many Pacific islands
–Asserted itself in Latin America
(Spanish-American War, Panama
Canal, & Roosevelt Corollary
–Influenced Asia (Open Door Policy)
■Why would citizens of the United
States so adamantly support
imperialism in the late 1800s?
■What factors influenced the
United States’ ability to become a
world power in the late 1800s?
■How would Social Darwinism
have an effect on imperialism?
■Why would anti-imperialists be
hesitant to expand overseas?