Download Unit 6 notes - Cherokee County Schools

Unit 6
Imperialism and World War
SSUSH14 The student will explain America’s evolving
relationship with the world at the turn of the twentieth
century.
a. Explain the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 and anti-Asian
immigration sentiment on the west coast.
b. Describe the Spanish-American War, the war in the Philippines,
and the debate over American expansionism.
c. Explain U.S. involvement in Latin America, as reflected by the
Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine and the creation of
the Panama Canal.
SSUSH15 The student will analyze the origins and
impact of U.S. involvement in World War I.
a. Describe the movement from U.S. neutrality to
engagement in World War I, with reference to
unrestricted submarine warfare.
b. Explain the domestic impact of World War I, as
reflected by the origins of the Great Migration, the
Espionage Act, and socialist Eugene Debs.
c. Explain Wilson’s Fourteen Points and the proposed
League of Nations.
d. Describe passage of the Eighteenth Amendment,
establishing Prohibition, and the Nineteenth
Amendment, establishing woman suffrage.
SSUSH16 The student will identify key
developments in the aftermath of WW I.
a. Explain how rising communism and socialism in
the United States led to the Red Scare and
immigrant restriction.
b. Identify Henry Ford, mass production, and the
automobile.
c. Describe the impact of radio and the movies.
d. Describe modern forms of cultural expression;
include Louis Armstrong and the origins of jazz,
Langston Hughes and the Harlem Renaissance,
Irving Berlin, and Tin Pan Alley.
American Expansionism
• Imperialism—policy of extending control
over weaker nations
• In 1800s, Europeans divide up most of Africa, compete for China
• Japan joins race for China; U.S. decides to expand overseas
• Admiral Alfred T. Mahan urges U.S. to build up navy
to compete
• U.S. builds modern battleships, becomes third largest naval power
Belief in Cultural Superiority
 U.S. farms, factories produce more than Americans can
consume
• U.S. needs raw materials, new markets for goods
 Foreign trade: solution to overproduction,
unemployment, depression
 Some combine Social Darwinism, belief in
superiority of Anglo-Saxons
• Argue U.S. has duty to Christianize, civilize “inferior peoples”
Alaska
• William Seward—Secretary of State under
Lincoln, Johnson
• 1867, arranges purchase of Alaska from
Russia for $7.2 million
- has trouble convincing House to fund purchase
- Alaska called “Seward’s Icebox,” “Seward’s Folly”
• Alaska rich in timber, minerals, oil
Hawaii
• Since 1790s, U.S. merchants stop in Hawaii on way to China,
India
• 1820s,Yankee missionaries found schools, churches on
islands
• Mid-1800s, American-owned sugar plantations 75% of
islands’ wealth
• 1887, U.S. pressures Hawaii to allow naval base at
Pearl Harbor
- becomes refueling station
• 1890 McKinley Tariff eliminates duty-free status of Hawaiian
sugar
• Planters call for U.S. to annex islands so will not have to pay
duty
Hawaii-The End of a Monarchy
• 1887, businessmen force King Kalakaua to limit vote to
landowners
• Queen Liliuokalani tries to remove landowning
requirement
• With help of marines, business groups overthrow queen
• Set up government headed by Sanford B. Dole
• President Cleveland cannot make Dole surrender power to
queen
- recognizes Republic of Hawaii
• Under President McKinley, Congress proclaims
Hawaii U.S. territory
The Spanish-American War
Cubans Rebel Against Spain
• U.S. long interested in Cuba; wants to buy Cuba from Spain
• During 1868–1878 Cuban war for independence, American
sympathizes with Cuba
• 1886 abolition of slavery leads to U.S. investment in sugar
cane
The Second War for Independence
• José Martí—poet, journalist—launches second revolution in 1895
• Guerrilla campaign destroys American-owned sugar mills, plantations
• U. S. public opinion split:
- business wants to support Spain
- others favor Cuban cause
War Fever Escalates
Spain Takes Action
• 1896, General Valeriano Weyler sent to Cuba to
restore order
• Puts about 300,000 Cubans in concentration
camps
Headline Wars
• Newspapers exploit Weyler’s actions in
circulation war
• Yellow journalism—sensational writing used to
lure, enrage readers
The de Lôme Letter
• Headlines increase American sympathy for
independent Cuba
• McKinley wants to avoid war, tries diplomacy to
resolve crisis
• Private letter by Spanish minister Enrique
Dupuy de Lôme published
- calls McKinley weak, swayed by public
• Spain apologizes, de Lôme resigns;
American public angry
Ticket Out the Door
How did Yellow Journalism
influence the rise of the
Spanish-American War?
 Answer:Yellow Journalism provided the
sensationalism of Weyler’s actions in Cuba
and the idea that the Spanish were
responsible for the explosion of the U.S.S.
Maine that angered United States citizens
and made them sympathetic for the
people in Cuba.
U.S.S. Maine Article
 The sinking of the U.S.S. Maine could
be described as the “straw that broke
the camel’s back”: list and explain 3
other reasons, either from our notes or
the article, that contributed to the U.S.
declaring War on Spain in 1898.
The U.S.S. Maine Explodes
 U.S.S. Maine sent to pick up U.S.
citizens, protect U.S. property
• Ship blows up in Havana harbor;
newspapers blame Spain
 Spain agrees to most U.S. demands,
public opinion still favors war
• U.S. declares war April 1898
The War in the Philippines
• First battle with Spain occurs in Spanish colony of
the Philippines
• Commodore George Dewey destroys Spanish fleet in
Manila harbor
• Filipinos, led by Emilio Aguinaldo, support Dewey
• August 1898, Spanish troops in Manila surrender to U.S.
The War in the Caribbean
• U.S. blockades Cuba; Spanish fleet in Santiago de
Cuba harbor
• Unlike navy, U.S. army has small professional force, many
volunteers
volunteers ill-prepared, ill-supplied
Most deadly weapon the Americans faced was
that of disease
5000 die from malaria, typhoid, and dysentery, only 500
from Spanish bullets
Rough Riders
 Leonard Wood, Theodore Roosevelt lead volunteer
cavalry
• Roosevelt declared hero of attack on strategic San
Juan Hill
• Spanish fleet tries to escape blockade, is destroyed in
naval battle
• U.S. troops invade Puerto Rico soon after
Battle of Santiago Bay
 Most important event of
the war was the United
States Navy destroying
the Spanish fleet in
Santiago Bay on July 3,
1898
 Spanish lost all her ships
and 500 lives, while the
U.S. Navy lost no ships.
Treaty of Paris
• Spain, U.S. sign armistice August
1898; meet in Paris to make treaty
• Spain frees Cuba; hands Guam,
Puerto Rico to U.S.; sells
Philippines
Platt Amendment (1901)
1.
2.
3.
4.
Added to the Cuban
constitution at request of
U.S.
Cuba could sign no treaties
to limit her independence
U.S. could intervene to
preserve Cuban
independence
Cuba could accumulate no
debt
U.S. would maintain a
naval base in Cuba
Platt Amendment
makes Cuba a
protectorate of the
United States
A protectorate is a
country who’s affairs a
partially controlled by
a stronger nation
U.S. Interest in China
U.S. sees China as vast potential market,
investment opportunity
• France, Britain, Japan, Russia have settlements,
spheres of influence
• Secretary of State John Hay issues Open
Door notes
• Notes ask imperialist nations to share trading
rights with U.S.
- Other countries reluctantly agree
The Boxer Rebellion in China
• Europeans dominate most large Chinese
cities
• Chinese form secret societies, including
Boxers, to expel foreigners
• Boxers kill hundreds of foreigners, Chinese
converts to Christianity
• U.S., Britain, France, Germany, Japan
put down Boxer Rebellion
Roosevelt the Peacemaker
• Roosevelt does not want Europeans to control world
economy, politics
• 1904, Japan, Russia dispute control of Korea (Japan
surprise attack defeats Russian Navy, but outmanned
and under equipped to fight larger war)
• Roosevelt negotiates Treaty of Portsmouth:
- Japan gets Manchuria, Korea
- U.S., Japan - pledge to respect each other’s possessions
Panama Canal
U.S. wants canal to cut travel time of commercial,
military ships
2 ways:
- Nicaragua- longer, less geographic problems, better political
relations
- Panama- shorter, more geographic problems, strained political
relations
 Negotiates with Colombia to build Panama Canal; talks
break down
• French company agent helps organize Panamanian
rebellion - U.S. gives military aid
Panama Canal Cont.
 U.S., Panama sign treaty; U.S. pays $10 million +
$250,000 / yr for Canal Zone
• Construction of canal is one of world’s greatest
engineering feats (1904-1913)
- fight diseases, geographic obstacles 5600 die
- at height, 43,400 workers employed
- 1921, 25 Million paid to Columbian government
The Roosevelt Corollary
Roosevelt fears European
intervention if Latin American
economies collapse and
defaulting on European loans
• An extension of the Monroe
doctrine- U.S. to use force to
protect economic interests
•