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Manifest Destiny Review Whiskey Rebellion – Washington sent in troops to put down the rebellion of Pennsylvania farmers National Bank – Washington authorized a bank of the United States for twenty years Enumerated powers – powers specifically mentioned in the Constitution Implied powers – not specifically listed but necessary for the government to do its job Executive Departments (Cabinet) Congress accepts three departments: Dept. of Foreign Affairs (State): Thomas Jefferson Dept. of War (Defense): Henry Knox Department of Treasury: Alexander Hamilton French Revolution - 1793 French radicals executed the French King and declared war on Great Britain According to the Treaty of Paris, America was supposed to help France Washington said he was going to stay “friendly and impartial” Jay’s Treaty - 1794 British were seizing American ships that were going to or from France Washington sent John Jay to settle the dispute British could seize ships heading to or from France British had to give America “most-favored nation” status – could not halt or alter trade relations Many Americans were angry! Why? Should Washington pass the treaty? Washington passed Jay’s Treaty Pinckney’s Treaty - 1795 Spain joined the French Revolution on the side of France and feared the U.S. would eventually side with Britain Spain offered America the right to use the Mississippi River for navigation and use the port at New Orleans for trade Why was this a big deal? New territory Vermont, Kentucky, and Tennessee were states Washington sent troops (Anthony Wayne) into Native lands to get control of the Ohio region (Treaty of Greenville) Should Washington take Native lands? Political Parties Hamilton’s National Bank divided Congress Hamilton’s supporters = Federalists Strong national government Distrust in the capability of the people National wealth and power depended on manufacturing and trade Jefferson and Madison’s supporters = Republicans National wealth and power depended on the farmers Did not want division between the rich and the poor Wanted more states rights Farewell Address Warned The of: danger of political parties Not separating church and state Not making foreign alliances Presidential Report Card List 10 qualifications that you look for in a president (what makes a good leader?) Under each qualification, put a BRIEF description of what you expect Put them on a scale of 1 – 5 (5 being perfect) Once you are finished, rate Washington on your report card 1 EXAMPLE Trait Funny - knows how to lighten the mood Smart – knows his US history Happy – always has a smile on his face Etc. Etc. Etc. Etc. 2 3 4 5 Election of 1796 Federalists = John Adams Republicans = Thomas Jefferson Electoral College voted: Adams 71 to Jefferson 68 XYZ Affair France began stopping and seizing American ships that were headed to Britain The Federalists began demanding a declaration of war against France XYZ Affair President Adams sent Charles Pinckney, Elbridge Gerry, and John Marshall to negotiate with France France demanded a bribe of $250,000 before they would talk to the Americans XYZ Affair 1798 – America suspended trade with France and began capturing armed French ships at sea This soon became known as the Quasi-War – undeclared French/American War at sea Convention of 1800 – France would let US out of the Treaty of Paris and America would not ask for money to pay for French damage Vocab Alien – people who are living in the country who are not citizens Sedition – incitement of rebellion Federalists vs. Democratic-Republicans (1798) Issue Federalists Democratic-Republicans Economy? Manufacturing Agrarian (farming) National Bank? Bank (helps manufacturing) No Bank (too much federal power) Interpret Constitution? Broadly (is it expressly forbidden?) Strictly (is it expressly permitted?) Balance of Power? National Authority States’ Rights Foreign Policy? Pro-British Pro-French “The United States . . . were threatened with actual invasion . . . and had then, within the bosom of the country, thousands of aliens, who, we doubt not, were ready to cooperate in any external attack.” Summary of Alien and Sedition Acts (1798) Naturalization Act To be eligible for citizenship, an alien must prove 14 years of residence within the United States (previously 5 years). Alien Act President may deport any alien he views as “dangerous to the peace and safety of the U.S.” No trial or evidence required. No defense. Alien Enemies Act President may, in case of war, deport aliens of an enemy country or impose severe restraints on them. Summary of Alien and Sedition Acts (1798) Sedition Act 1) Illegal to conspire to oppose any measure or to impede the operation of any law of the United States. 2) Illegal for any person to write print or publish “any false, scandalous and malicious writing . . . . against the government of the United States, or either house of the Congress . . . or the President . . . with intent to defame or to bring them into contempt or disrepute; or to excite against them the hatred of the good people of the United States. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions 1798 Secretly written by Jefferson and Madison Said that the states created the Constitution and could declare federal laws unconstitutional Argued: Interposition – stop anything the federal government does that is illegal before it affects the people Nullification – states had the right to declare unconstitutional laws invalid Thomas Jefferson “Revolution of 1800” – had Washington and Adams been too much like royalty? Wanted to go back to the idea of a small government Jefferson; Began paying off national debt Cut government spending Killed whiskey tax Wanted militias instead of armies The Supreme Court Judiciary judges Act of 1801 – created 16 federal Adams – “midnight judges” Jefferson repealed the act and removed Adams’ judges from office Marbury v. Madison (1803) Adams (before leaving office) appointed John Marshall as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court Also, Adams appointed William Marbury as justice of the peace in D.C. Jefferson told Secretary of State James Madison to hold the appointment in hopes that Marbury would quit Marshall and the Supreme Court agreed that it was not their place to intervene (it was not constitutional) Set up judicial review – Supreme Court could decide whether or not laws passed by Congress were constitutional or not and strike down those that were not A growing country meant a growing population Did this mean that there was a need for more land? In 1800, Napoleon convinced Spain to give Louisiana back to France (control of the lower Mississippi River) Why was Jefferson worried? Robert Livingston was sent to negotiate with Napoleon, and Napoleon agreed to sell the Louisiana territory (and New Orleans) to America Why in the world would he do that? This became known as the Louisiana Purchase - $15 million and doubled the size of the United States 1804 – Lewis and Clark Congress and Jefferson approved the “Corps of Discovery” Meriwether Lewis and William Clark Goal = trace the Missouri River and find a route to the Pacific Ocean Sacagawea – pregnant Shoshone guide for the expedition Her life before and after the expedition are mainly myth Lewis and Clark: Expedition lasted a little over 2 1/2 years (coast to coast and back) Mapped the new Louisiana Territory Claimed the Oregon Territory for the United States Detailed journals of the land, the weather, the plants, and the animals Federalists were not happy about the Louisiana Purchase because they said this would eventually take power away from the original states. Aaron Burr was the vice-president under Jefferson and was nominated to run for governor of New York to make sure the balance of power stayed with the original states. Alexander Hamilton said that Burr was a “dangerous man, and one that ought not to be trusted with the reins of government” Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel 1804 – Burr shot and killed Hamilton (who refused to fire) Britain and France at war America was caught in the middle because of trade restrictions British sailors were disserting and catching American ships Impressment – forced into military service (similar to the draft) Britain was forcing sailors into the Navy and would search for them on American ships (sometimes captured) Three American sailors would be killed, causing an American uproar Jefferson would place an embargo (ban on trade with other countries) on Europe Embargo Act of 1807 Repealed one year later Hurt US more than France or Britain Jefferson stepped down after 2 terms James Madison easily beat Charles Pinckney as the 4th president of the United States To stop the British from seizing American ships, Madison passed the NonIntercourse Act – forbade trade with France and Britain Failed miserably The United States eventually began trading with the French but refused to buy British goods Hurt British economy Should the United States get involved in the war between the British and the French? If yes, on what side? War of 1812 Many supporters of war with Britain became known as War Hawks (mainly from South and West) Henry Clay John C. Calhoun Felix Grundy Why? Restrictions had hurt American planters and some claimed that the British were supporting a Native uprising Natives were not getting aide from Britain, but they were angry about the increased invasion of their land. Tecumseh (Shawnee) was the Natives to unite to protect their lands; worked with “The Prophet” Governor of Indiana territory, William Henry Harrison, wanted to stop the defense immediately Became known as the Battle of Tippecanoe ¼ of Harrison’s men dead or wounded Killed confidence of many Natives and many fled to Canada The Bank of the United States had been shut down Many Americans did not support the war (called it “Mr. Madison’s War”) Madison approved the invasion of Canada to fight the British 1812 - An American 3-sided attack failed miserably with the help of non-willing troops 1813 – Americans won the Battle at Lake Erie 1813 – Americans lost the Battle of Stony Creek Americans had not conquered any territory in Canada 1814 – Napoleon empire collapses and Britain can focus full attention on America Washington D.C. – British burn the White House and Capitol Fort McHenry – British not as successful, had to flee September 11, 1814 – Americans defeat British at the Battle of Lake Champlain “the Star-Spangled Banner” Written by Francis Scott Key after the Battle of Fort McHenry Original lyrics Current lyrics Battle of New Orleans – Andrew Jackson and cotton bales win the battle? Nationalism soared Federalists fall Treaty of Ghent – officially ended the war and created an American/Canadian border America recognized around the world The 2nd Bank of the U.S. was established in 1816 by John C. Calhoun, Henry Clay, and Daniel Webster Tariff of 1816 – Britain was sending goods to the U.S. for cheap prices, making some American businesses suffer This tariff charged a tax on imports, making their price go up; made more people willing to buy American goods James Monroe Elected in 1817 Presidency would become known as the “Era of Good Feelings” Republicans start agreeing with the concept of a strong national government Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee – the Supreme Court had the authority to hear the appeals of state courts McCulloch v. Maryland – Maryland wanted to tax the national bank and asked whether or not the national bank was constitutional What do you think? Decision: The federal government is responsible for collecting taxes, borrowing money, regulating money, regulating commerce, and raising armies and navies The National Bank makes that possible Taxing the National Bank was unconstitutional Gibbons v. Ogden – gave the Congress the right to control interstate commerce Cohens v. Virginia – states gave up soveriegnty when they ratified the Constitution and became part of the United States Fletcher v. Peck – Court could overturn state laws if they were unconstitutional Problems with Spain Florida had been an issue with Southern states, mainly Georgia Escaped slaves would flee to Florida because Americans could not bring them back across lines Natives (mainly Seminoles) would live in Florida and stage raids on South Georgia 1818 – Andrew Jackson was sent into Florida He destroyed villages, seized settlements, and overthrew the Spanish governor of Florida Spain demanded punishment for Jackson and Monroe agreed However, Secretary of State John Quincy Adams defended Jackson and said that it was merely the result of Spain not being able to keep order in Florida Adams-Onis Treaty (1819) The U.S. got complete control of Florida and the western boundary line was defined The Monroe Doctrine (1823) U.S. would not interfere in the internal affairs of European countries or independent countries in the Americas Any European interference in America would be seen as an “unfriendly act” European countries could not colonize/claim any further territories in the Americas A New United States Erie Canal – 363 mile artificial waterway that went from New York City to the Great Lakes National Road – 620 mile road that the Potomac and Ohio Rivers 1807 – Robert Fulton and Robert Livingston invent the steamboat Peter Cooper built an American version of a British invention, the railroad Devil’s horse? invention or iron American System – National Bank, protective tariffs, and national improvements The Industrial Revolution Free enterprise = open competition How can you make products cheaper, faster, and more efficiently Started in the Northeast Francis Lowell – cotton mills Eli Whitney – interchangeable parts Samuel F.B. Morse – morse code/telegraph Cities began to get larger and larger Labor unions began to rise, pushing for higher wages and 10-hour workdays Use strikes to achieve their goals The North focused on industrialization and manufacturing The South focused on agriculture and slavery Became known as the “land of cotton” Eli Whitney invented a machine that would take the seeds out of cotton – the cotton gin Slavery Slave codes – slaves could not: Own property Leaving owner’s property without permission Possess a firearm Testify against a white person in court Learn to read or write CONSIDERED PROPERTY, NOT PEOPLE In 1819, there were 11 slave states and 11 free states Missouri Compromise – Missouri would enter the Union as a slave state if Maine entered as a free state Election of 1824 Henry Clay Andrew Jackson John Quincy Adams William Crawford Jackson got the most popular votes but no one got the majority in the electoral college The House of Representatives would choose John Quincy Adams to be the next president Jackson accused Adams of being corrupt and created a political party known as the Democratic-Republicans, later shortened to the Democrats The resistance would continue throughout the presidency 1828 – Election came down to Adams v. Jackson; not a classy election – attacked each others personal decisions and morals Jackson would clearly win the election and be referred to as “Old Hickory” 1828 – Jackson Elected President “People’s President” “Old Hickory” “The People’s President” Orphaned young Tennessee’s first Representative in Congress Hero in War of 1812 Invaded Florida Jacksonian Democracy More and more Americans began to vote in elections Who was allowed to vote prior to the 1800s? How do you think it changed around 1828? Jacksonian Democracy Became known for using the spoils system – appointing people to government jobs on the basis of party loyalty and support (rewarding your friends) Jacksonian Democracy Changed system: the concept of the election Originally had the caucus system – members of Congress chose presidential nominees Changed to having state delegates choose the presidential nominees Is this more fair? The Nullification Crisis Tariff of 1828 (Tariff of Ambitions or Tariff of Abominations) – tax on goods from England, which the South was the main region buying from England South Carolina wanted to secede from the Union Vice President John C. Calhoun offered a different idea to keep them from pulling away from the Union The Nullification Crisis Calhoun proposed the idea of nullification – declaring a federal law null and void Jackson said that he would let nothing divide the Union under his presidency and lowered the tariff drastically South Carolina still claimed nullification and Jackson claimed that South Carolina was guilty of treason The Nullification Crisis Jackson sent the military into South Carolina Senator Henry Clay agreed to gradually lower the tax over a few years Both sides claimed victory! Who won? 1830 – Indian Removal Act Goal – move Natives out into the mostly unoccupied Great Plains area Most complied with the request except for the Cherokee Indians from the Georgia/Alabama area They took it to the Supreme Court (Worcester v. Georgia) and they said Native properties must be honored Who was the Supreme Court Justice? What do you think Jackson will do? 1830 – Indian Removal Act Their resistance will be successful until Martin van Buren takes over the presidency and sends the military in to force them out west (Oklahoma) 4,000 Natives would die – either before or during the trip Known as the Trail of Tears National Bank Jackson was re-elected in 1832 Said that the National Bank was unconstitutional and refused to follow the Supreme Court decision in McColluch v. Maryland Jackson would eventually pull the money out of the Bank of the United States and put it in the state banks, forcing the National Bank to close completely Whig Party Wanted a larger federal government Democrat Martin van Buren won the presidency in 1836 Trail of Tears Panic of 1837 – banks and businesses failed, farmers lost work, unemployment went up What should van Buren do? The Whig party nominated General William Henry Harrison as the presidential candidate with John Tyler as VP “Tippecanoe and Tyler too” Harrison easily beat van Buren (234-60 electoral) Harrison gave his 2-hour inaugural address about changing the nation The speech was given outside in freezing temperatures; he didn’t wear a hat or coat Harrison died (of pneumonia) 32 days after becoming president President John Tyler Called “his Accidency” Major accomplishment – created a boundary between the United States and Canada A New Culture Second Methodists Baptists Presbyterians Rise Great Awakening of the Mormons Joseph Smith Brigham Young New Literature Ralph Waldo Emerson Henry David Thoreau James Fenimore Cooper Nathanial Hawthorne Herman Melville Edgar Allan Poe Walt Whitman Emily Dickinson The Know-Nothing Party (American Party) Rise of Nativism Newspapers and the penny press Forever Changing Society It would not be until the Prisons 1830s that prisons were kept in buildings like you would see today. Addition of solitary confinement and work crews Dorothea Dix – prison reform for the mentally ill Temperance Movement ________________– moderation in the consumption of alcohol At this time, allowance/banning of alcohol was on a state by state basis. This will begin in the 1830s because of the revived focus on God, but it will make its mark in the 1880s following the Civil War. Horace Mann – school reform, everything from building schools to raising salaries Education First mandatory attendance law – 1852 What do you think were the differences between the boys’ and girls’ schools? Women 1848 – Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton Seneca Falls Convention – “We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men and women are created equal….” Wanted abolition Wanted __________________; seen as being worse than abolition. Slavery Gradualism = ___________________________ Colonization Abolition Which = __________________________ = _____________________________ is better? Slavery William Lloyd Garrison – The Liberator "I do not wish to think, or speak, or write, with moderation. . . . I am in earnest -- I will not equivocate -- I will not excuse -- I will not retreat a single inch -- AND I WILL BE HEARD.“ Called for the immediate freeing of all enslaved people, which is called ______________________. Slavery ____________________ wrote the North Star. ____________________ - escaped slave that - freed slave who went on to be a powerful speaker How did the North feel about abolition? How did the South feel about abolition? Manifest Destiny Manifest destiny – the idea that God had given the continent to America and wanted them to settle western land 1845 – John Louis Sullivan Squatters – settle on land they did not own Could buy up to 160 acres for $1.25 each Jethro Wood – iron-blade plow John Deere – steel-blade plow Cyrus McCormick – mechanical reaper John Sutter – first to really settle in California Oregon Trail California Trail Santa Fe Trail Mormon Trail Donner Party Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851) – eight groups of Natives agreed to certain boundaries and the government promised not to take it away….. ever In the early 1800s, Texas was part of Mexico; Americans actually immigrated to Mexico Stephen Austin Fredonia 1830 – borders close Stephen Austin v. President Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna Texan army v. Mexican army – “Come and get it!” The Alamo Feb. 1836 – The Alamo was an abandoned Catholic mission where the rebels had made a station The rebel Texans fought off the Mexican army for 13 days Formally declared independence from Mexico The Mexican army eventually takes control of the Alamo Goliad – over 300 Texan rebels were executed for treason Battle of San Jacinto Texans (led by Sam Houston) led attack on sleeping Mexican army “Remember the Alamo” and “Remember Goliad” Mexican army – 300 killed, 700 taken captive (including Santa Anna) Texan army – 9 killed, 34 wounded 1836 Texas was now the “Republic of Texas” with Sam Houston as president They wanted annexation (become part of the U.S), but Jackson did not want NorthSouth tensions or war with Mexico Texas was an independent nation Mexican-American War (18461848) Issues with Texas: Jefferson claimed it with the Louisiana territory but it was taken away with a treaty Jackson did not want the territory because of slavery issues and not wanting a war with Mexico Mexico did not recognize Texas independence Tyler fought to get it added as a slave territory……. Was NOT re-elected! Mexican-American War (18461848) Election of 1844 Henry Clay – add Texas only Martin van Buren – not picking a side James K. Polk – wanted to add Texas and Oregon to the Union and buy California (maintaining balance of slave and free states) Who do you think will win? Mexican-American War (18461848) Polk added Oregon and Texas to the Union of the United States Mexico and the U.S. disputed the boundary line Mexico refused to discuss the purchase of California Mexican-American War (18461848) Polk orders troops into the area of dispute (led by General Zachary Taylor) Plan: get Mexico to shoot first and claim Mexican aggression on American soil Success: Taylor’s men were attacked…. Polk declared war “by the act of Mexico herself”; “American blood was shed on American soil” Mexican-American War (18461848) Master plan for war: Taylor’s troops move South close to the Gulf of Mexico Another set of troops should capture Santa Fe and then take control of California with the help of the Navy Last set of troops were to go to Mexico City and force Mexico to surrender Needed 50,000 troops…… 75,000 enlisted (not good soldiers) Mexican-American War (18461848) The first two phases were easily successful (even though California was the “Bear Flag Republic” for two weeks Polk now needed to capture Mexico City but he was also thinking about re-election Mexican-American War (1846-1848) Polk saw General Zachary Taylor as a political threat, so he replaced him in the battle by General Winfield Scott Scott was successful and the U.S. took control of Mexico City Mexican-American War (1846-1848) Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) Mexico gave up 500,000 square miles (California, Utah, Nevada, New Mexico, Colorado, Arizona, and Wyoming) Rio Grande was the southern border of Texas U.S. paid Mexico $15 million and forgave $3 million in debt Manifest Destiny was now complete – the U.S. now controlled all territory from east coast to west coast Big issue now: How would slavery be handled in the new territories? Wilmot Proviso – in any territory that the U.S. gained from Mexico, “neither slavery not involuntary servitude shall ever exist” Opposed by Polk Passed by House of Representatives Tabled by Congress Forced the idea of popular sovereignty – each state decide whether they want slavery or not Election of 1848 Zachary Taylor (Whig) James K. Polk and Lewis Cass (Democrat) Martin van Buren (Free-Soil) Polk drops out after Taylor joins the race and had health issues (died three months after term was over). The rest of the parties split, so Taylor won the election. 1849 – California Gold Rush (‘49ers) California applied for statehood that same year. California would enter as a free state, making slaveholding states a minority Slave states started threatening to secede (leave the Union)
