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Dealing With Other Nations
American leaders used diplomacy
rather than force in dealings with
other nations.
How would you feel if other nations owned
areas of the current United States?
As a newcomer to world politics, the United
States in the 1790s was weak compared to the
powerful European nations-England, France, and
Spain. The United States had only a small army
and NO navy. It had to work hard to gain the
respect of other countries.
The United States was not strong enough to get
involved in world conflicts. It found other ways to
solve conflicts with other nations that challenged
it both in North America and overseas.
Conflicts in the Northwest Territory
The Treaty of Paris in 1783 was
supposed to settle arguments about
the land west of the Appalachian
Mountains. On paper, the land
belonged to the U.S.-in the 1790s,
however, Great Britain still had forts
in the Great lakes and Ohio Valley
regions. They continued to trade with
the Native Americans and stir trouble
between the Indians and American
settlers. This caused many
outbreaks of violence and several
battles between the Native
Americans and Washington’s army.
Later, the Native Americans were
forced to leave this region.
Pirates in the Mediterranean
Americans trading abroad met a
different enemy. In the
Mediterranean Sea, traders
faced the states of the Barbary
Coast of North Africa-Morocco,
Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli.
Pirates stole cargoes, seized
American ships, and imprisoned
American sailors. The Barbary
pirates ignored the protests of
the United States, knowing it was
powerless without a navy. To sail
safely, the U.S. had to pay,
tribute, or protection money, to
local rulers.
Spain Controls the Mississippi
Spain held the Louisiana territory,
located west of the Mississippi
River. Spain had gained this
territory after the French and Indian
war. For years, Spain and America
argued over the boundaries and
America’s rights to the Mississippi
River. (Port of New Orleans) This
route was especially important for
those people living west of the
Appalachian Mountains. They
shipped their crops by flatboat
down the Mississippi. Spanish
officials often made trouble with
foreigners in Louisiana.
Washington Chooses Neutrality
The most serious challenge from abroad came with the
beginning of the French Revolution. In 1789 many French
people rebelled against the high taxes and oppressive rule of
the monarchy and set up a republic. Over several years of
fighting, the King and Queen of France, and many aristocrats
were arrested and beheaded on the guillotine.
Many of the other rulers around Europe were worried the ideas
and violence would spill out of France. In 1793, Great Britain
and several other nations with monarchs went to war with
France.
France called on the U.S. to abide by its Treaty of Alliance of
1778, the two nations would protect each other if attacked. What
would you have done? Washington chose the idea of neutrality.
Washington Makes a Decision
Washington decided to recognize
the new French Republic. He
explained to the French, however,
that the Treaty of Alliance1778 had
been with King Louis XVI, who had
been executed. The United States
had NO treaty with the new
government. In 1793, Washington
issued a Proclamation of Neutrality,
stating the the United States would
continue to trade with both the
English and the French. He
declared the U.S. would be “friendly
and impartial.”
NEUTRALITY
Late in 1793 the British government passed a series of laws seizing American ships.
Agreement with Britain
The British ships not only stopped American ships, they also
impressed, or kidnapped, American sailors to serve in the British
Navy. The British claimed that these sailors were really British
citizens who had jumped ship to move from Britain to America.
The President’s principle advisors, Jefferson and Hamilton,
disagreed (As Usual) on how to handle England. Jefferson
wanted to ban English goods, but Hamilton wanted to send an
ambassador to England. Chief Justice John Jay led the mission.
The Jay Treaty
1.
2.
3.
4.
Britain agreed to withdraw from its forts in the Ohio Valley.
Opened trade again with the West Indies.
Settled on boundaries between Canada and America.
NO stoppage of seizing American ships or kidnapping sailors!
Washington Leaves Office
During Washington’s two terms of
office, he established a firm foundation
for the national government. He made
the Presidency a stronger office than it
was expected. By NOT seeking reelection in 1796-he set a standard. His
departing words were to guide future
leaders. He urged them to be
independent in dealing with other
nations. Washington continued to
caution against becoming un-unified.
(Political Parties were making a real
rift between the Northern and
Southern interests of the United
States.)
“The great rule of conduct for
us, in regard to foreign
Nations, is…to have with them
as little Political connection as
possible…
‘Tis our true policy to steer
clear of permanent alliances,
with any portion of the foreign
world; -so far, I mean, as we
are now at liberty to do it…”
Political Parties Develop
When George Washington first took office for his first term, the country
had NO political parties. By the end of his second term that had
changed. He worried that the countries unity would be threatened by
leaders with differing views. He feared these differences would split the
nation. (Remember, his closest advisors was Jefferson and
Hamilton, two men who hated each other; one northern
businessman and the southern farmer)
On most issues, Hamilton and Jefferson disagreed too sharply for any
kind of compromise. Even before Washington’s second term, their
followers had split to form two groups. The group led by Hamiltonwhich supported MOST of the decisions made by the government,
were known as the Federalists. Jefferson and James Madison led
the opposition group known as the Democratic-Republicans
(sometimes called the republicans, but NOT related to the modern
republican party)
The First Parties
The Federalist and the Democratic-Republicans were the
nation’s first political parties. A political party is a group of
people with similar ideas and beliefs about government.
The members of a political party usually agree on the way to run
the government and the policies that should be carried out.
Members of the political party work together to get their leaders
elected and to influence governments decisions.
The Constitution made NO provisions for political parties. The
framers hoped the parties would NOT form…During the fight for
the ratification of the Constitution, those who favored a central
government-known as the Federalist.
Differences Between the First
Political Parties
Federalists
Democratic-Republicans
Leader:
Alexander Hamilton
Leader:
Thomas Jefferson
Favored
*Rule by the wealthy and
educated class.
*Strong federal
government.
*Emphasis on
manufacturing and trade
products.
Loose interpretation of the
Constitution (Loved Elastic
Clause)
*Pro-British, anti-French.
National Bank
Favored
*Rule by the people.
*Strong state governments.
*Emphasis on agricultural products.
*Strict interpretation of the Constitution.
*Pro-French, anti-British actions.
*State Banks.
*Free Trade.
Hamilton and
Jefferson
represented
the beliefs of
opposition
parties.
Which
would have
supported
the Treaty of
Alliance
with
France?