Download Spanish American War

The Spanish-American War
April 19, 1898December 10, 1898
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The Beginnings of War
• Between 1717 and 1867, Cuba saw several
uprisings, however Spain was able to quell the
revolts
• October 10, 1868 began the Cuban Ten Years’
War. Over 40,000 rebelled against Spanish rule
• Treaty of Zanjon ended the revolt in 1878
• Due to oppressive Spanish government and falling
economy, in February 1895, war erupts again in
Cuba
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Jose Marti
• Key role in the 1895 Cuban rebellion
• Marti was born in Cuba
• Organized émigré groups in US and rasied money
for the rebellion
• He united various rebel factions into one front
• The Apostle of Cuba’s freedom was killed in battle
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Reconcentrado
• Spanish General Velariano Weyler, a.k.a.. “The
Butcher” a named earned during the Ten Years’
War, issues the reconcentrado order
• All rural Cubans were to relocate to the cities or
concentration camps
• Any Cuban who refused was immediately
executed
• Tens of thousands died in these “camps”
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Yellow Journalism
• 1890’s introduced the first colored comics
• “The Yellow Kid” comic often smeared
• People started calling all papers “the yellow
press”
• The revolt in Cuba against the Spanish
colonial government had been covered for
several months by US newspapers
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THE YELLOW KID
• With his jug ears, two
buck teeth, beady blue
eyes, and yellow
nightdress, the Yellow
Kid hardly looks like an
icon for comic and
commercial success, but
that’s exactly what he
became in late
nineteenth-century
America. He was created
by middle-class artist
R.F. Outcault.
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THE YELLOW KID
• The Kid pointed out
serious problems with
tenement life and class
divisions in its first
installments, but
devolved into fantasy
slapstick that left the
American urban
environment.
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Yellow Journalism
• Newspapers sent hundreds of reporters, artists, and
photographers to cover the war
• Wild stories of “death camps”, “Spanish cannibalism”,
“inhuman torture”, and “Amazon warriors fight for rebels”
were headliners
• Stephen Crane and Frederick Remington however found
little to report
• “There is no war. Request to be recalled”, wrote
Remmington to his boss Randolph Hearst.
• Hearst’s reply was, “Please remain. You furnish pictures,
I’ll furnish the war.”
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Yellow Journalism
• Randolph Hearst
launches massive
campaign on horrors
of Spanish rule and of
the imprisonment of
Evangelina Cisneros
• War correspondent
Karl Decker aids in
her escape
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Enrique Dupuy de Lome
• Spanish Minister in Washington
• Lome wrote a letter which was intercepted and published
in the American press
• Lome wrote “McKinley was weak and a bidder for
admiration of the crowd…”
• This along with other insults to the US President inflamed
the American public, who demanded retribution
• It was believed however, a diplomatic solution could have
been reached in Cuba if not for….
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The Sinking of the
USS Maine
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“Remember the MaineTo Hell With Spain”
• The battleship USS Maine was moored in
Havana’s harbor-Feb. 15, 1898 for a
courtesy call
• Just past 9pm, after taps, the Maine
explodes
• Spanish crew members from Alfonso XII aid
in rescuing US sailors
• 262 US seamen die from the explosion
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Victims of USS Maine sinking are
transported through the City of Havana
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Road to War
• McKinley attempted a settlement with
Spain over the Maine incident and Cuban
War
• April 11, 1898, US President McKinley
delivered his War Message to the US
Congress
• April 25, 1898, Congress declared a State of
War between Spain and the US
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Pacific Theater
• US Fleet, under command of Commodore George
Dewey, was visiting Hong Kong when war was
declared
• Little time was wasted in US Fleet preparation for
war against the Spanish Navy in the Philippine
Islands since Dewey had received orders to
prepare for war against Spain from Assistant
Naval Secretary Teddy Roosevelt in January of
1898
• May 1, 1898, the US Fleet located the Spanish
Fleet in the shallows of Manila Bay
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Pacific Theater
• “You
may fire when ready, Gridley”
• US Fleet casualties: 1 dead 8
wounded
• The Spanish Fleet was sunk
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Faces Of War
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The Buffalo Soldiers
• The Army 9th Calvary, an African American
regiment, fought side by side with Teddy
Roosevelt’s Rough Riders in capturing Kettle Hill
just east of Santiago, Cuba.
• The 10th Calvary, another African American
regiment fought and stormed San Juan Hill before
Roosevelt arrived
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Faces Of War
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Theodore Roosevelt
• The First United States
Volunteer Cavalry Regiment
was organized by Theodore
Roosevelt and Leonard Wood,
M.D.
• TR, who was Assistant
Secretary of the Navy in the
McKinley administration, and
a leading advocate of the
liberation of Cuba, the Spanish
colony then fighting for its
independence, asked the
Department of War permission
to raise a regiment after Spain
declared war on the United
States on April 24, 1898.
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The Rough Riders
• In 1898 TR raised a
volunteer regiment
which included cowboys
and schoolboy (typically
college athletes) as those
who knew him from
various times in his life
joined to fight the
Spanish in Cuba.
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The Rough Riders
• Because he lacked military experience, Roosevelt
suggested that Leonard Wood be given command of the
volunteer cavalry regiment; and accordingly Wood
became colonel, and TR was made lieutenant colonel, of
the First U.S. Volunteer Cavalry, soon popularly known
as the "Rough Riders.".
• The regiment, consisting of over 1,250 men, from all
over the United States was mainly composed of cowboys,
Indians, and other Wild West types, and Ivy League
athletes and aristocratic sportsmen from the East. What
did these two very different groups have in common ?
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The Rough Riders
• They could ride and shoot and were in shape, and
thus could be ready for war with little training.
The regiment was assembled at San Antonio,
Texas in May, and shipped out to Cuba from
Tampa, Florida-minus the horses-on June 14,
1898.
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Theodore Roosevelt
• The Rough Riders landed at Daiquiri, Cuba on
June 22, and saw their first action in the Battle of
Las Guasimas on June 24. The Rough Riders
were part of the large American force that
assembled for the assault on the Spanish
fortifications protecting the city of Santiago. On
the night of June 30, the eve of the big battle,
Colonel Leonard Wood was promoted in the field
to Brigadier General and Theodore Roosevelt was
made Colonel of the Rough Riders.
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Theodore Roosevelt
• On July 1, 1898 TR on horseback led the Rough
Riders and elements of the Ninth and Tenth
Regiments of regulars, African-American
"buffalo soldiers," and other units up Kettle Hill.
After that hill was captured, TR, now on foot, led
a second charge up the San Juan Heights. .This
was what TR called his "crowded hour," his great
moment.
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A Big Turkey Shoot
• The Americans blockade the harbor of Santiago,
Cuba
• The Spanish naval commander is ordered to attack
the US blockade of ships that are four times larger
than the attacking Spanish fleet
• July 3, 1898 the Spanish attack and lose all 7 of
their warships along with 350 KIA and 160 WIA
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The Real Killer
• 986 American soldiers died in actual combat
• Over 5,000 soldiers died from disease
• Yellow Fever mortality rate was known to have reached
85%
• US 24th Infantry, an African-American regiment had
1/3 of its 460 men die from yellow fever or malaria in
less than 40 days.
• Tropical diseases killed more men than bullets on both
sides of the war.
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Peace and Results
• August 12, 1898-Peace
Protocols are signed
ending hostilities in
Cuba, Puerto Rico and
the Philippines
• December 10, 1898 in
Paris, France- the Treaty
of Peace is signed
between the US and
Spain
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• Spain renounced all
claims to Cuba, ceded
Puerto Rico and Guam
to the US, gave up its
possessions in the West
Indies and sold the
Philippine Islands for 20
million to the US.
• US begins the
Philippine-US War
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A New World Power
• The US merges as a new world power
• US imperialism extends into the Caribbean
and Pacific waters
• Platt Amendment gave US the right to
intercede in Cuban affairs
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PLATT AMENDMENT
• The road to Cuban self-determination was
prepared under United States guidance. In 1900 a
new electoral law was passed that established a
limited franchise for Cubans to elect officials at
the municipal level. A constituent assembly
convened and drafted a constitution that provided
for universal suffrage, a directly elected president,
a bicameral legislature, and the separation of
church and state. The United States conditioned
its approval of the constitution on the
acceptance of a series of clauses that would
preserve its upper hand in future dealings with
"independent" Cuba.
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PLATT AMENDMENT
• These clauses, which were to be appended to the draft of
the constitution, were prepared by United States secretary
of war Elihu Root and attached to the arms appropriation
bill of 1901; they became known as the Platt Amendment.
It provided that Cuba should not sign any treaties that
could impair its sovereignty or contract any debts that
could not be repaid by normal revenues. In addition, Cuba
had to accept the legitimacy of all acts of the military
government, permit the United States to purchase or lease
lands for coaling and naval stations, and give the United
states special privileges to intervene at any time to preserve
Cuban independence or to support a government capable
of protecting life, property, and individual liberties.
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PLATT AMENDMENT
• The Platt Amendment represented a permanent
restriction upon Cuban self-determination. Cuba's
constituent assembly modified the terms of the
amendment and presented it to the United States
only to be turned down. The United Statesimposed amendment was a tremendous
humiliation to all Cubans, whose political life
would be plagued by continual debates over the
issue until its repeal in 1934.
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PLATT AMENDMENT
• On June 12, 1901, Cuba ratified the amendment as
a permanent addendum to the Cuban constitution
of 1901 and the only alternative to permanent
military occupation by the United States.
Nevertheless, the United States acquired rights in
perpetuity to lease a naval coaling station at
Guantanamo Bay into the 1980s, under the terms
of the May 1903 Treaty of Relations (also known
as the Permanent Reciprocity Treaty of 1903) and
the Lease of Agreement of July 1903.
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•1868-1878: Ten Years' War in Cuba
•1893: Turner's Thesis
•1895: Cuban War for Independence
•February, 1896: Reconcentration Policy
•August 1896: Revolt in the Philippines
•March 4, 1897: President McKinley Inaugurated
•April 16, 1897: T. Roosevelt Appointed Assistant Secretary of
the Navy
•December, 1897: McKinley Asks Congress for Aid to Cuba
•February 9, 1898: Dupuy de Lôme Letter Scandal
•February 16 1898: Battleship U.S.S. Maine Explodes
•March 17, 1898: Senator Proctor Exposes Spain's Brutality in
Cuba
•April 25, 1898: Congress Declares War
•May 1, 1898: Commodore Dewey's Victory in the Philippines
•May 15, 1898: Theodore Roosevelt resigns as Ass. Sec. of the
Navy
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•June
22, 1898: U.S. troops land
in Cuba
•July 1, 1898: Victory in San Juan Heights
•July 17, 1898: Spanish surrender Santiago
•August 12, 1898: Spain signs Peace Protocol
•December 10, 1898: Treaty of Paris signed
•January 1899: Senate Debate over Ratification of the
Treaty of Paris
•February 6, 1899: Treaty of Paris ratified
•March 4, 1901:
•McKinley inaugurated for 2nd term
•Roosevelt becomes Vice-President
•March 23, 1901: Aguinaldo captured by U.S. troops
•September, 1901: President McKinley assassinated
•July 4, 1902: Philippine War declared over
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Works Used
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Buffalo Soldiers at San Juan Hill
http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/documents/spanam/BSSJH/Shbrt-BSSJH.htm
Chronology
http://loweb.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/chronology.html
Emergence to World Power, 1898-1902 http://www.army.mil/cmhpg/books/AMH/AMH-15.htm
History of the Conflict http://www.uidaho.edu/~melle922/History.html
The Spanish-American War http://www.simplenet.com/imperialism/gift.html
Troop B, In the Porto Rico Campaign http://www.army.mil/cmhpg/documents/spanam/b2cav.htm
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