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Opening Assignment • Do you believe that people in the United States should be prosecuted or persecuted for their beliefs if those beliefs pose a threat to the security of the US? • Why or why not? • Essential Learning Goal: • The Cold War between the Soviet Union and United States helped shape the culture, history, and politics of the United States during the 20th Century. • Learning Targets: • I can identify the Loyalty Review Board and the McCarran Act and explain how they violated US citizens’ rights. • I can explain the significance of the House UnAmerican Activities Committee (HUAC) and Joseph McCarthy’s role in anti-communist persecution. • I can identify the term McCarthyism and how it shaped attitudes toward Communism in the US. • I can explain the role of Alger Hiss and the Rosenbergs in helping to increase anti-communist sentiment in the US. The Second Red Scare • Started in 1945 as the domestic counterpart to the Cold War but reached its climax during the Korean War • Evidence of espionage – By 1950 anticommunism had created a climate of fear, where legitimate concerns mixed with irrational hysteria. • Truman signs executive order for federal employee loyalty program, creates the Loyalty Review Board. 212 employees fired, thousands refused to cooperate. Why might they do this? The McCarran Act • The McCarran Act made it illegal to plan any action that might lead to the establishment of a totalitarian dictatorship in the US. • President Truman vetoed the bill stating “in a free country we punish men for the crimes they commit, but never for the opinions they have.” • Congress voted to override the President’s veto and passed the McCarran Act without the President’s signature. The Second Red Scare • House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) Part of the US House of Representatives. – Accusations about pro-Communist subversives in government • The Alger Hiss case – Whittaker Chambers, former Soviet agent, accused Hiss, who worked at the State Department, of passing secret documents to the Soviets. – Hiss was convicted of perjury, or lying on the stand. • Julius and Ethel Rosenberg – Accused of espionage and convicted with limited evidence. Executed in the electric chair in 1953. Senator Joseph McCarthy • Witch-hunt • Saw an opportunity to improve his political career • Army-McCarthy Hearings (1954) McCarthyism • McCarthyism is the practice of making accusations of disloyalty, subversion, or treason without proper regard for evidence. • It also means "the practice of making unfair allegations or using unfair investigative techniques, especially in order to restrict dissent or political criticism." Senator Joseph McCarthy • When McCarthy accused the US Army of having been infiltrated by Communists he signaled his own demise. • Finally an Army lawyer Joseph Welch stood up to Senator McCarthy saying; “Senator, may we not drop this? We know he belonged to the Lawyer's Guild... Let us not assassinate this lad further, Senator; you've done enough. Have you no sense of decency, sir? At long last, have you left no sense of decency?” • Shortly after this the US Senate investigated McCarthy’s behavior and he lost respect and power. The Eisenhower Doctrine • After the Soviet Union offered support for Egypt during the Suez War in 1955 the United States decided to take a firm stance in opposition to the Soviet Union expanding it’s influence in the Middle East. • President Dwight D. Eisenhower issued a warning in 1957 that said the US would defend the Middle East against an attack by any communist country. • Why might the US offer this protection to Middle Eastern nations? Notes for Today: Brinkmanship • A strategy of the United States during the Cold War of threatening nuclear war in an effort to get your opponent to back down and make a compromise. • This strategy was based on the belief that should the US and Soviet Union go to war it would lead to destruction for both sides. • This situation brought about the idea of M.A.D. or Mutually Assured Destruction. Sputnik • The first man-made satellite to successfully orbit the earth. • In October 1957 the Soviet Union launched the satellite which traveled around the earth at 18,000 miles per hour. • The United States’ national prestige was injured by this technological advantage the Soviets had and the U.S. began to create their own satellites. • This competition led to what we call the Space Race, a competition between the US and USSR to make advances in the field of space exploration. Homework • Chapter 18 Section 4 • Read Pages 622 – 627 • Answer Main Idea Questions A -D • Complete SkillBuilders; Page 624 #1-2 Page 626 #1-2 • Copy Vocab into Notebook The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) • The Central Intelligence Agency or CIA was created to gather information from nations around the world. • The CIA used spies to gather information, carry out covert, or secret, operations to weaken or overthrow governments unfriendly to the United States. • This included helping establish dictators who were friendly to the United States and who opposed communism. These dictators were not always good to their people and this helped create lingering resentment toward the US that persists to this day, especially in Central and South America. Activity • Create a loyalty oath with a partner for Americans to take that promises to support the United States and oppose Communism or any behavior that would threaten the security of the United States. • Turn this oath in on a piece of paper with you and your partner’s names.