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CQ: What policies should the government pursue for the protection of society? 1920s World War I over American economy growing European industry hurt during war American industry not hurt during war 1920s Time of new freedom but more government restriction Social patterns in chaos Modernists were dancing to jazz, going to speakeasies, and challenging strict morals of society Flappers Young women who embraced new fashions and attitudes Hair cut short Smoke and drink in public Short dresses Talking openly about sex New dance styles Bobbed hair styles Flappers Flappers New freedoms of women in public life did not spill over into home Marriage began to be looked at like an equal partnership Women still expected to do housework and raise children Women affected mainly in urban areas Rural women maintained traditional values African Americans Segregation Separation of people based on race De jure: Segregation by law De facto: Segregation by custom Discrimination To make distinctions in treatment; show partiality African Americans Plessy v. Ferguson Separate but equal is legal Jim Crow Laws passed in South to separate races African Americans Racial Etiquette (South) No shaking hands with whites Yield sidewalk to whites Remove hats for whites African Americans Lynching (South) Execution of someone for breaking race laws/customs African Americans Segregation (North) De facto African Americans lived in neighborhoods together Usually run down inner city African Americans Blacks moving from rural south to urban north for jobs and freedom Marcus Garvey UNIA Back to Africa Separatism NAACP Protested discrimination and lynching African Americans Harlem Renaissance Literary and artistic explosion in West Manhattan Langston Hughes; Hold Fast to Dreams Zora Neale Hurston; Their Eyes were Watching God Countee Cullen; For a Lady I Know Claude McKay; America Controversy African Americans living in South endured extreme racism African Americans living in North experienced racism, but could express themselves through poetry, music, books, painting Harlem Renaissance Louis Armstrong Langston Hughes Duke Ellington William Johnson, Chain Gang Immigration New political ideas not popular with wealthy, who controlled politics and business New immigrants blamed for problems with labor unrest and strikes Americans convinced country should restrict immigration Keep outside radicals from dominating the United States Immigration Emergency Immigration Act 1921 Immigration limited to 2% of that nation’s population living in U.S. according to 1890 Federal Census Maximum annual quota of 357,000 National Origins Act 1924 Emergency Act permanent Immigration 80,000 60,000 40,000 20,000 0 Immigration Great Britain 65,721 Italy 5,802 Soviet Union 2,712 Immigration Sacco and Vanzetti (1920) Italian immigrants accused of murder and theft No evidence against and both had alibis Convicted and electrocuted in 1927 Scopes Trial 1925 TN enacted anti-evolution bill Unlawful to “teach any theory that denies the story of divine creation as taught by the Bible and to teach instead that man was descended from a lower order of animals” ACLU offered services to anyone who challenged law Scopes Trial 24 year old John Scopes taught general science and assigned readings from a textbook that had a passage about evolution Scopes Trial William Jennings Bryan would be prosecuting attorney Populist candidate for president 3 times Fought for small businesses Fought for prohibition and women’s suffrage. Scopes Trial Clarence Darrow would defend Scopes Darrow was agnostic Darrow had defended criminals like Eugene Debs and Al Capone Scopes Trial Dayton, TN became like a carnival Banners displayed Lemonade stands Chimpanzee performances Fundamentalists Christians prayed and demonstrated Case was unique because it pitted the Bible against science Scopes Trial Darrow requested jury find Scopes guilty Why? So he could appeal to TN Supreme Court Scopes found guilty and fined $100 TN Supreme Court threw case out because the jury fined Scopes and not the judge Analyze Cartoons Move into groups Analyze the three political cartoons using the guide Each group member should write the analysis of one cartoon, but the entire group should work together to interpret each cartoon You will all receive the same grade, so make sure you are working together and willing to stand behind your answers to each cartoon. Discussion question: Should the Federal government limit individual freedoms for the sake of higher social responsibilities? Prohibition Anti-Saloon League & WCTU Drinking is a sin Drinking made husbands abuse or abandon families Drinking caused laziness and unemployment Drinking caused crime Drinking led to unhealthy people Drinking associated with immigrant groups from Ireland and Southern and Eastern Europe Prohibition Few spoke out against because they would be seen as “drunkard” or “sinful” 18th Amendment Prohibited “manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcohol” Prohibition Many Americans supported at first Grew tired of law and began to disobey it Bootleg: Smuggling alcohol Speakeasies: Secret place to buy home made alcohol Prohibition Crime Gangs competed to control the sale and transportation of alcohol Al Capone of Chicago most famous Used the new weapons of war: machine guns, grenades, cars Enforcement was difficult Prohibition Did it work? Divorce rates lowered Fewer accidents Less poverty Rise in gang activity Attempts to enforce were impossible People who wanted to drink still did so Prohibition Repealed in 1933 Expensive and creating atmosphere of lawlessness st 21 Amendment passed The Roaring Twenties – Dance Craze Red Scare and Palmer Raids Background Information Russia before 1917 ruled by a czar Large number of poor Small number of rich Russia becomes industrialized and poor people begin moving to cities Poor people in cities began to talk and share ideas Background Information Poor people questioned why only rich lived good life 1917 workers in Russia began striking for Better food rations More control of government Military refused to stop them and czar forced to step down Background Information Fighting broke out to decide who would control Russia Bolsheviks (Reds) Communism / Marxism Workers who believed they should share the profits of their work Anti-Bolsheviks (Whites) Background Information Civil War lasted until 1920 when Bolsheviks won Vladimir I. Lenin takes control Background Information Russia changed Religion and church disapproved of Workers take control of factories Banks controlled by government Goal was to make sure everyone had a job and a paycheck United States Many people in U.S. believed workers should share company’s profit = Communism Some were also anarchists Like in Russia, large numbers of poor lived in cities and worked in bad conditions Many of these people were immigrants who had become U.S. citizens United States Many Americans opposed WW I because they said it was a rich man’s war Emma Goldman, an anarchist, spoke out against the war United States Eugene V. Debs, a socialist, spoke out against the war United States To keep people from criticizing government Congress passed Espionage Act: Can not interfere with government’s recruiting of soldiers Sedition Act: against law to criticize government or Constitution through speech or writing If broke laws would go to jail United States 1919 - A. Mitchell Palmer appointed Attorney General Palmer is convinced Communists trying to take over America United States Italian immigrant sent 38 mail bombs to American politicians Blew himself up outside of Palmer’s home Palmer begins to fear anyone considered a radical United States J. Edgar Hoover became Palmer’s assistant United States Used Sedition and Espionage Acts to fight communists, anarchists, labor unions, and other groups considered dangerous Becomes known as the Red Scare United States Nov 1919: 10,000 communists and anarchists arrested No evidence found to prove they were planning an attack on America Held without a trial Jan 1920: 6,000 more arrested and held without a trial Arrests were called Palmer Raids United States May 1920: Palmer announces he has evidence of a Communist plot to overthrow the U.S. government Caused panic throughout America