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Pearson Longman PoliticalScienceInteractive Shea, Green, and Smith Living Democracy, Second Edition Chapter 16: Public Policy in the United States Chapter 16: Public Policy in the United States The Politics of Public Policy Public Policy The action or inaction of the government on a problem or issue of concern to the public Who gets to determine whether something really is a problem or issue of concern to the public? Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second Edition Copyright 2009 Pearson Longman Chapter 16: Public Policy in the United States Ideas and Values in Public Policy Policy Process Model Problem Identification Analysis of the Effectiveness of the Solution Agenda Setting Implementation of Problemsolving Policies Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second Edition Solution Formulation Legitimization of Solutions Copyright 2009 Pearson Longman Chapter 16: Public Policy in the United States Ideas and Values in Public Policy “The production [process] model fails to capture what I see as the essence of policy making in political communities: the struggle over ideas.” –Deborah Stone Example: Debate in early 1990s about healthcare coverage How does this fit in the process model? Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second Edition Copyright 2009 Pearson Longman Chapter 16: Public Policy in the United States Ideas and Values in Public Policy: Freedom Two camps Positive Freedom Negative Freedom Freedom exists to the extent that we can do what we wish. Freedom exists only in the absence of someone or some force limiting what we can do. Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second Edition Copyright 2009 Pearson Longman Chapter 16: Public Policy in the United States Ideas and Values in Public Policy: Equality If we had to divide a cake among a group of people, how could we do so in a way that ensures equality? Equality of Outcomes Count the number of people who want the cake and divide the whole cake by that number. Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second Edition Equality of Process Set the cake in the middle of the room, put everyone an equal distance from it, and let everyone try to take as much as they want. Copyright 2009 Pearson Longman Chapter 16: Public Policy in the United States Ideas and Values in Public Policy: Equality Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second Edition Copyright 2009 Pearson Longman Chapter 16: Public Policy in the United States Pathways Profile: Rachel Carson (1907–1964) A leading scientist in the 1950s and 1960s and author of Silent Spring Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second Edition Copyright 2009 Pearson Longman Chapter 16: Public Policy in the United States Types of Public Policy How can we categorize policies? Basic functions of government – Distribution – Regulation – Redistribution Nature of their benefits – Tangible benefits – Symbolic benefits Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second Edition Copyright 2009 Pearson Longman Chapter 16: Public Policy in the United States The Public Policy Process: Identifying the Problem Who do policymakers listen to? Pluralist View Elitist View Our system of open government allows those without resources to have their voices heard. Only those with power and money get access to the decision makers. Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second Edition Copyright 2009 Pearson Longman Chapter 16: Public Policy in the United States Pathways of Action: Mothers Against Drunk Driving Begun by two mothers whose children were killed by drunk drivers Successful in raising awareness of the issue Now a national organization, pushing for legislative change Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second Edition Copyright 2009 Pearson Longman Chapter 16: Public Policy in the United States The Public Policy Process: Setting an Agenda The ability to exclude an item from the agenda, for whatever reason, is a powerful way to control what government does. Georgia Senator Richard Russell was instrumental in keeping civil rights policy off the nation’s agenda in the 1950s and 1960s. Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second Edition Copyright 2009 Pearson Longman Chapter 16: Public Policy in the United States The Public Policy Process: Formulating and Legitimizing Policy Was the terrorist attack of 9/11 a crime against U.S. citizens and property or was it an act of war? War Crime Military solution Legal solution Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second Edition Copyright 2009 Pearson Longman Chapter 16: Public Policy in the United States The Public Policy Process: Implementing Policy Policy formation: crafting solutions to identified problems Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second Edition Copyright 2009 Pearson Longman Chapter 16: Public Policy in the United States Pathways Past and Present: The Welfare Debate The Great Depression brought a sharp rise in childhood poverty. Congress created Aid to Families with Dependent Children in response. 1996: Clinton signs Welfare Reform Act Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second Edition Copyright 2009 Pearson Longman Chapter 16: Public Policy in the United States Alternative Views of the Policy Process Garbage-can Model: In this model, problems, solutions, actors, and other parts of policymaking universe jumble together. No clear linear order of steps dictates what happens first or next. Policy Windows and Streams: In this model, problems, solutions, and political factors are three separate streams that flow at the same time but often do not merge with one another. Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second Edition Copyright 2009 Pearson Longman Chapter 16: Public Policy in the United States Student Profile: Jonathan Fantini Founder of the Collegiate Forum Uses Facebook and MySpace to promote political participation and activism Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second Edition Copyright 2009 Pearson Longman