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Download The World in 1492 - Teaching American History in South Carolina
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From the “Old” Diplomacy to World War I Dr. Kevin B. Witherspoon Lander University Diplomacy 1865-1918 1890: Army 13th largest, 28,000 1900: 100,000 1884: Navy 12th Diplomacy to 1865: Isolation Monroe Doctrine Open Door Diplomacy 1865-1918 Diplomacy 1865-1889: the “Old Diplomacy” Lack of professionalism Lack of clear policy Themes: Growing US domination of Caribbean US interest in Far East Acquisition of empire Emergence as world power Diplomacy 1865-1918 Diplomacy 1865-1889: the “Old Diplomacy” Policy: Noninterventionist Passive, reactive Army and Navy poorly equipped Assumed US was safe Diplomacy 1865-1918 Diplomacy 1865-1889: the “Old Diplomacy” In general: Limited international activity No interest in Africa Non-involvement in Europe Narrowly focused on own sphere Lack of broad vision and policy Diplomacy 1890s Changes, 1890s Malaise, anxiety Decline of “American stock” Cities, business, etc. 1890s chaos 1893 Turner, frontier Depression 1893 Threats to old markets Division Africa 1880s, China 1890s Diplomacy 1890s Other changes Growing international influence Technology Pace of conflict New generation Patriotism Imperialist thought Alfred T. Mahan Social darwinism Missionary zeal Journalism Diplomacy 1890s “New Diplomacy” System replaces spasm New diplomats Professionalism The Spanish-Cuban-American War Cuban struggle for independence “Butcher” Weyler* Breakdown of Spanish-American relations Yellow journalism Delome letter The Maine* The Spanish-CubanAmerican War “A Splendid Little War” Combat April-August San Juan Hill 5400 Americans die The Treaty of Paris (1898)* US annex Puerto Rico, Guam, Wake Island US purchase Philippines Cuba independent Platt Amendment Meanings of the War Emergence of US as imperial power The Anti-Imperialist League: Why? Racism: strange and different people Cheap labor Violates self-determination Pro-imperialism: Stepping stone to Asia White man’s burden, civilize Islands = naval filling stations Meanings of the War The filipino insurrection Emilio Aguinaldo 200,000 filipinos die Brutal war, precursor to Vietnam Strained relations of imperialism Philippines Cuba Puerto Rico Theodore Roosevelt Rise to the presidency The “bully pulpit” The “big stick” The Panama Canal Where to build it? Nicaragua? Panama The Panamanian Revolution, 1903 Building the Canal The “Great White Fleet” The First World War Woodrow Wilson*, elected 1912 Background b. VA 1856 Civil War Education President of Princeton Inspired by T.R. The press Cautious about war Well-spoken and convincing Concerned with will of the people Anglophile The First World War The war begins Europe at war, 1914 1st year casualties: 1.3 million French 850,000 Germans 300,000 British US neutrality Britain Germany The First World War Germans: unrestricted submarine warfare The Lusitania* and strained neutrality 1200 passengers, 128 Americans Carrying war goods US favor the British Wilson re-elected, 1916 US involvement Germans resume sub warfare Zimmerman telegram The United States at War The Ideological War The Committee on Public Information* George Creel Propaganda “Four minute men” Super-patriotism Condemned all things German Espionage Act 1917, Sedition Act 1918 1500 Americans arrested The United States at War Combat 8 million soldiers killed 20 million civilians killed 4000 French towns destroyed Trench warfare Poison gasses The United States at War Making the Peace US/Allied views The 14 Points The Bolshevik Revolution Wilson in France “Peace without Victory” The United States at War The Treaty of Versailles* Germans = war guilt Reparations, $33 billion League of Nations? Wilson and the Treaty League of Nations Article 10 Speaking tour Stroke Congress The Meanings of the War Groundwork for the “Red Scare” The CPI and suspicion Groundwork for the Great Depression German war debt Groundwork for World War II German hostility
