Download Unit-15-2012-Part-2-ColdWar-Continues

Unit 15 Part 2:
The Cold War Continues
Unit 15: The Beginnings of the Cold War
Pageant: 903-906 and 918-924 (through
Cuba)
Conflict in Korea
• Japan controlled Korea
from 1910 until the end
of WWII. In 1945, when
the war ended, Korea was
divided between America
and the USSR.
• The USSR would support
the northern half of the
country – above the 38th
parallel. The USA got the
region south of 38º.
Conflict in Korea
• As in Germany, two nations
developed – one communist,
one democratic.
• The USSR supported the North
Korean communist government
and militarized North Korea.
• South Korea was led by
Syngman Rhee. Because Rhee’s
goal was to force both Koreas
to unite by force, the U.S. did
not heavily arm the South
Korean army.
Syngman Rhee taking Oath of Office July
24, 1948
Conflict in Korea
• After WWII, America began to reduce its forces
in South Korea and both sides withdrew by 1949
• North Korea’s army invaded South Korea on June
25, 1950. With the invasion, the USA turned
around to help South Korea.
• To gain support in its aid to Korea, the USA went
to the United Nations and asked for assistance to
defend South Korea.
– Truman knew the League of Nations had been
rendered useless by inaction
• The Soviet Union was protesting the UN meeting
and since they could not veto the vote, the UN
decided to help South Korea.
Korean War
[1950-1953]
Kim Il-Sung
Syngman Rhee
“Domino Theory”
Korea Changes America
• NSC-68: National Security Council Memo from
1950 recommending a quadrupling of defense
spending in US
• Korea allowed it to happen
– 13% of the GDP - $50 billion a year – was soon spent
on the military
• NSC-68 important because it demonstrates the
belief of the interconnectedness between
American economy and military – and the
limitless possibilities of the two
Conflict in Korea
• Even though 16 nations sent 520,000 troops to
aid South Korea, war was not declared by the U.S.
against North Korea.
– Technically America was just participating in a UN
police action
• 90% of the U.N. troops were American and the
South Korean Army gave another 590,000 troops.
United Nations:
Canada,
Greece,
South Africa,
South Korea,
Colombia,
Luxembourg,
Thailand,
Australia,
Ethiopia,
Netherlands,
Turkey,
Belgium
France
New Zealand,
United Kingdom,
Philippines
United States
Fighting in Korea
• At the beginning of the war, the North Korean
troops overwhelmed the U.N. troops and forced
them into a small defensive zone around Pusan in
the SE corner of the Korean Peninsula.
• MacArthur, who was once again in charge of the
U.S. and U.N. troops, launched a surprise attack
from Inchon on the west coast and Pusan.
• The Allied troops were able to push their way
almost to the Chinese-Korean border.
Korean War
[1950-1953]
Fighting in Korea
• After this happened, the Chinese entered the war on
the side of North Korea to defend their communist
neighbors and to prevent America from entering
China.
– US knew this would happened, but continued North of 38
anyway…
• The sheer number of Chinese forces overwhelmed
the Allies and caused a retreat to the south.
• After this back and forth motion, both sides were
once again stationed in the vicinity of the 38th
parallel.
Korea and the end of MacArthur
• MacArthur was embarrassed that the Chinese were
so successful
• Wanted massive retaliation – blockade of China and
bombarding of Manchuria
• D.C. didn’t want to escalate this battle and bring in
the USSR
– Typical Cold War ideology
• MacArthur publicly began attacking the president’s
decision
• Truman removed MacArthur from command on April
11, 1951
– MacArthur’s popularity from WWII made this one of the
biggest blows to Truman
The Shifting Map of Korea
[1950-1953]
Fighting in Korea
• Both sides tried to come to a truce in 1951, but
deliberations dragged on for two years while
thousands were killed in battle.
• The problem was that the communist forces
wanted all prisoners of war returned alive, but
some of the prisoners wanted to leave
communism and didn’t want to return.
Pictures of the Korean War
Fighting in Korea
• July 1953 finally saw a
peace and an exchange of
prisoners that wanted to
go back to their countries.
• The cease fire line was
also stationed at the
existing battle line of the
38th parallel, plus a
demilitarized zone was
established between the
two countries.
Guards along the DMZ
Fighting in Korea
• There were approximately 54,000 American
casualties with the Chinese, North Korean, and
South Koreans losing approximately 1 million.
• The U.S. had spent $67 billion on what turned out
to be a fight to maintain the status quo.
• While communism didn’t spread, South Korea and
democracy did not make any gains either.
– Containment had worked though…
• The Korean War also led to increased fears of
Communist aggression at home in America.
Foreign Policy Changes
• With the election of Ike
in 1952, a new
Secretary of State came
in with new ideas: John
Foster Dulles
• Containment was no
longer enough –
Communism would be
stopped and captured
peoples would be
liberated
Ike and Dulles in 1956
Foreign Policy Changes
• Military spending would focus on the air with the
– Strategic Air Command (SAC): a fleet of superbombers carrying nuclear bombs
• All based on the theory of massive retaliation – if
the commies come after us, we destroy them.
Yeah.
• Thought to be cheaper than conventional military
– But would it actually be used?
Foreign Policy Changes
• At the same time Ike
wanted to work with
the new Soviet premier
– Nikita Khrushchev
(also became leader in
1953)
• Ike wanted “open skies”
over US and USSR and
Khrushchev said no to
Ike’s “open” attempt at
espionage
Foreign Policy Changes
• Problems with the new plan:
– Couldn’t use it anywhere
• Hungarian revolution in 1956 was crushed by the USSR
• America couldn’t help without nuking Eastern Europe
and therefore America didn’t help
– Was actually really expensive
– When he left office in 1960, Ike warned of the
growth of the military-industrial complex that
this interrelatedness between massive military
spending and the American economy had caused
National Defense Budget [1940-1964]
Truman vs. Eisenhower
“Containment”
[George Kennan]
“Brinksmanship”
[John Foster Dulles]
Marshall Plan
Mutual security agreements.
Truman Doctrine
Massive retaliation.
Berlin Airlift
M. A. D.
NATO
“Domino Theory”
NSC #68
CIA & covert operations
Korean War
Eisenhower Doctrine
“$ Diplomacy” – Part II
The Vietnam War - Background
•
France controlled “Indochina”
since the late 19th century
•
Japan took control during
World War II
•
With U.S. aid, France
attempted
re-colonization in the postwar
period
– By 1954 America was
financing 80% of France’s war
– about $1 billion in a year
The Vietnam War - Background
• The French lost control to
Ho Chi Minh’s Viet Minh
forces in 1954 at Dien Bien
Phu
• President Eisenhower declined to intervene
on behalf of France.
– Too soon after Korea
The Vietnam War - Background
•
International Conference at Geneva
th
• Vietnam was divided at 17 parallel
• Ho Chi Minh’s nationalist
forces controlled the North
• Ngo Dinh Diem, a French-educated,
Roman Catholic
claimed control of the
South
The Vietnam War - Background
• A date was set for democratic elections
to reunify Vietnam
• Diem backed out of the elections
(knowing Ho Chi Minh would win),
leading to military conflict between
North and South
The Vietnam War – US Military
Involvement Begins
• Repressive dictatorial rule by Diem
•
Diem’s family holds all power
•
Wealth is hoarded by the elite
•
Buddhist majority persecuted
•
Torture, lack of political freedom prevail
• The U.S. aided Diem’s government
•
Ike sent financial and military aid
•
675 U.S. Army advisors sent by 1960.
•
SEATO created in late 1954 (SouthEast Asia Treaty
Organization) like NATO and included England, France, and
US
“False Lull” in Europe
• In 1955 it seemed as if things were getting
better with the Cold War
– Soviets left Austria (whoa)
– Khrushchev denounced the “bloody excesses” of
Stalin – who never became the hero Lenin did
– May 1955 – Geneva conference that accomplished
nothing, but left people feeling happy and sunny

Back to Reality…Hungary
• Late 1956 Hungarians
revolted for their
freedom from the
USSR
Stalin’s desecrated head
– Expected America to
help
– Hungarians were
slaughtered or fled as
refugees
• America allowed 30,000
refugees in
Time’s Man of the Year –
Hungarian Freedom Fighter
Issues Begin in Iran
• The government of Iran began to take control
of its oil resources and resist the influence of
Western companies there
– America believed that this was under the
influence of the USSR
– The CIA caused a coup in 1953 to install a new
leader in Iran – the Shah of Iran, Mohammed Reza
Pahlevi
– He’d be exiled later and Iran would turn against
the West
Suez Crisis
• President Nassar of Egypt was a nationalist,
but he was looking for outside funding for a
dam project to irrigate and provide power
– America and England offered help until Nassar
began to deal with the communists
• In response to the US’s and England’s
withdrawal of funds, Nassar nationalized the
Suez Canal, which had previously been
controlled by English and French stockholders
• Dulles wanted to prevent
armed intervention from
England and France as well as
the Soviets who were hoping to
gain another ally
• England and France still
attacked Egypt, with a
coordinated attack with Israel
in October 1956
• America refused to supply the
allies with oil and they had to
withdraw after a week
• UN police force arrived to keep
order
Suez Crisis
Nasser and Khrushchev in 1956
Where is All the Oil?
• In 1940 the US still supplied 2/3 of the world’s
oil and only 1/20 came from the Middle East
• By 1948 America became a net oil importer
while the Middle East increased oil production
• America worried about the Soviets gaining
control of the Middle East oil supply:
• Eisenhower Doctrine promised military and
economic aid to Middle Eastern countries
threatened by communism
OPEC
• Middle Eastern countries weren’t really at risk
from communism (except Afghanistan later),
but were at risk from nationalism!
– They wanted control of their own oil (instead of
Western businesses) and took it
• OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting
Countries) was formed in 1960
– Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, Iran, and Venezuela
– Would set oil prices and control trade, much to
the chagrin of America
The Space Race
• Both the Soviets and Americans had captured
German rocket technology at the fall of WWII.
• The development of long-range rockets to carry
nuclear warheads to the enemy was an
important part of the Cold War.
• This development was carried out through the
“Space Race” which was the competition
between both countries over space exploration
– a rocket that could carry a space shuttle or satellite
could definitely carry a warhead - duh
The Space Race
• America did not fare
too well in the Space
Race.
• On October 4, 1957,
the Soviets launched
the first satellite
(Sputnik) into space
and America was
desperately far
behind
The Space Race
• This caused panic in America since Soviet
rocket technology was obviously more
superior than American technology
– We had to prevent the “missile gap” from
widening
– This is when American schools began to focus on
science and math instead of anything else (except
foreign languages)
– NDEA National Defense and Education Act (1958)
was passed to give scholarships to college
students in certain fields
The Space Race
• 1st Satellite in Orbit: USSR:
Sputnik : October 1957
• 1st Human in Space: USSR:
April 1961
• 1st Man on the Moon: USA:
July 1969
Nuclear Testing (5 min)
• Between America and the
Soviet Union it’s amazing we
all don’t have 2 heads and
fins…
• In October 1958, both the
USSR and USA agreed to
suspend underground and
atmospheric testing
– Though inspections weren’t
happening because we hated
each other
More in the Middle East - Lebanon
• Lebanon was more friendly to the West (at
this time) than other Mid East countries
• Egypt and the communists were threatening
Lebanon
• Lebanon asked for American aid under the
Eisenhower Doctrine and American troops
landed to restore order in July 1958
Khrushchev in America - 1959
• Khrushchev wanted a
summit conference with
Western leaders
• Ike invited Khrushchev to
America
• K spoke to the UN and
promised complete
disarmament
– With no dates or plans…
• Meeting at Camp David –
nothing happened, but
people were happy
Nina Kukharchuk (Mrs. Khrushchev), Mamie
Eisenhower, Khrushchev, and Ike
Bad Times at the Paris Summit
Conference (1960)
• The U-2 Spy Plane incident had just happened
and Ike had to personally apologize
• Khrushchev was fuming
• Both refused to give up Berlin
The United States’ Poor Choices in
Latin America
• Spent billions on Europe and only millions in
Latin America
• Did have the CIA lead coup’s
– CIA coup ousted a left leaning Guatemalan
government in 1954
• Supported Democratic leaders even if they
were butchers…
– Like Fulgencio Batista in Cuba
• Had gotten huge investments of American capital and
some government support
• At the age of 33, Dr. Fidel Castro
began a revolution to take control
of Cuba in 1959
– Spoke out against “Yankee
imperialists”
– Seized land for redistribution
– He was a communist…
– America stopped importing Cuban
sugar
– Washington broke diplomatic
relations with Cuba in 1961
– 750,000 Anti-Castro Cubans have
fled to America between 1960-1990
Here
Comes
Castro
Castro’s Effects on the Americas
• US threatened to invoke the Monroe Doctrine
because Cuba was allied with USSR, but
Khrushchev threatened bombing America
• August 1960: America established the
Organization of American States to condemn
communist infiltration in the Americas
– Instituted a minor “Marshall” type plan for Latin
America - $500 million
• Maybe too little, too late