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Chapter 17: Foreign Policy and National Defense 1. Isolationism • Isolationism: A purposeful refusal to become generally involved n the affairs of the rest of the world. • The U.S. has made a shift from isolationism to internationalism. • Following the sacrifices in the World War I, the United States population turned to isolationism during the 1920s. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ShejyJZ1P • 2. Isolationism • The population opposed any action by the government that would drag the country into another European war. • This isolationist tendency led to the imposition of tariffs, thought to be a significant factor in causing the Great Depression. • WWII convinced the U.S. that no one nation could live in complete isolation from the rest of the world. 3. Isolationism – The world is currently seen as a national village of nations. What does that mean? – Wars and political upheavals across the globe impact the daily lives of citizens in the U.S. – Can you think of one example of this currently happening in the U.S.? 4. Isolationism • Most people believe that the only way to unite such a fractured world is through policies designed to protect and promote security of citizens in the U.S. • Non-interventionism, the diplomatic policy whereby a nation seeks to avoid alliances with other nations, has had a long history in the United States. 5. Non-Interventionism • U.S. President Woodrow Wilson, after winning the election with the slogan, "he kept us out of war," promptly intervened in World War I. 6. Non-Interventionism • Yet non-interventionist sentiment remained — but the US Congress refused to endorse the League of Nations (early UN). 7. Non-Interventionism • U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's efforts to aid countries against Nazi Germany's and Imperial Japan's aggression through economic aid and embargoes undermined this non-interventionism. • Almost immediately after the Pearl Harbor attacks, the American peace movement quickly lost support and evaporated. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3VqQAf74fs E 8. Non-Interventionism post WWII • President Jimmy Carter's intervention in the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan • President Ronald Reagan's 1983 intervention in Grenada • President George Herbert Walker Bush's 1989 intervention in Panama to arrest General Manuel Noriega • President George Herbert Walker Bush's 1991 intervention in Kuwait • President George Herbert Walker Bush's 1992 intervention in Somalia, ostensibly for humanitarian reasons (continued under President Bill Clinton.) • President Bill Clinton's 1995 intervention in Bosnia, ostensibly to prevent ethnic cleansing and his 1999 intervention in Kosovo and attacks on Serbia on behalf of the Muslim Albanian-led Kosovo Liberation Army • President Bill Clinton's and president George W. Bush's embargo of Iraq • President George W. Bush's 2001 intervention in Afghanistan against the Taliban following the September 11 Attacks. • President George W. Bush's 2003 invasion of Iraq to depose Saddam Hussein. 9. Foreign Policy • Foreign Policy The actions and stand that a nation takes in every aspect of its relationships with other countries; everything a nation’s government says and does in world affairs. • Foreign Policies include things such as treaties and alliances, international trade, the defense budget, foreign economic and military aid, the United Nations, nuclear weapons testing, and disarmament negotiations. 10. Foreign Policy • The foreign relations of the United States are marked by the country's large economy, well-funded military, and notable political influence. • According to estimates given in the CIA World Factbook, the United States has the world's largest economy, the world's most well-funded military, and a large amount of political influence. • Often American policy must be defensive in nature. 11. Foreign Policy – Leaders often must adjust it to meet the actions of some other country. – The president serves as both the chief diplomat and commander-in-chief, however only Congress can declare war. – In his farewell address Dwight D. Eisenhower warned about the dangers of the military industrial complex. – http://archive.org/details/gov.ntis.ava11109vnb1 12. Foreign Policy – In his farewell address Dwight D. Eisenhower warned about the dangers of the military industrial complex (MIC). – Eisenhower warned about the “Iron Triangle”. – The “Iron Triangle” is made up of defense contractors (industry), The Pentagon (military), and the U.S. government. – http://www.youtube.com/w 13. Foreign Policy – The fear was that the "MIC" or the "iron triangle“ would work as a cartel that works against the public interest, whose motivation is profiteering. – Eisenhower was afraid if Congress too willingly handed over the power to wage war to the President that we would begin to resemble an imperial power like Japan, NAZI Germany, or Russia. – Have we done just that??? 14. State Department • The State Dept. is the right arm in foreign affairs. • The Secretary of State ranks first among the members of the President’s cabinet. • The duties of the Secretary of State relate almost solely to foreign affairs today. • There are nearly 25,000 employees under the watch of the sec. of state. 14. State Department • The current Secretary of State is John Kerry. • The Secretary is a member of the President's Cabinet. • She or he is the highest rank cabinet secretary both in line of succession and order of precedence. 15. State Department • The Foreign Service • Under int’l law every nation has the right of legation the right to send and receive diplomatic representatives. • This is an ancient practice that dates back to Egyptian civilization 6,000 years ago. 16. Ambassadors • The U.S. has 160 ambassadors in different nations across the world today. • The President appoints ambassadors with the consent of the Senate. • Each individual ambassador is the personal representative of the President of the U.S. 17. Ambassadors • It is an ambassador’s duty to keep the President informed of all the “goings-on” in the country he/she is in. • An ambassador must have a wealth of knowledge about the language, people, history, and customs of the country they are located in. 18. Passports • A passport is a certificate issued by a government to its citizens who travel or live abroad. • A visa is a permit to enter another state and must be obtained from the country one wishes to enter. 19. Diplomatic Immunity • Not being subject to the laws of the state to which they are accredited. They cannot be arrested, sued or taxed. Their residence cannot be searched. • If a host gov’t finds a diplomat’s conduct unacceptable, that official may be declared persona non grata and expelled from the country. • Persona non grata = “an unwelcome person” 20. Diplomatic Immunity • Diplomatic immunity is a generally accepted practice. But there are exceptions. • The most serious breach in modern times occurred in Iran in late 1979. • Militant leaders of the Ayatollah Khomeini seized the American embassy and 52 American hostages were taken for 444 days. • They were eventually released after Ronald Reagan became President. 21. The Defense Department • “War is the continuation of political relations by other means”. Karl von Clausewitz • The Secretary of Defense Two major responsibilities: – The President’s chief aide and advisor in making and carrying out defense policy. – Operating head of the Defense Department. 22. The Defense Department • The Sec. of Defense and the President of the United States together constitute the National Command Authority (NCA), which has sole authority to launch strategic nuclear weapons. • All nuclear weapons are governed by the twoman rule, even at the highest levels in government. • Both individuals must concur before a strategic nuclear strike may be ordered. 23. The Defense Department • Chuck Hagel is the current Secretary of Defense. • He replaced Donald Rumsfeld. • The budget of the defense dept. is $419 billion annually. 24. Military Departments • The Army • The largest and the oldest of the armed services. – Was created by Congress on June 14th, 1775. 25. Military Departments • The army must be ready to: – Defeat any attack on the U.S. itself. – Take swift and forceful action to protect American interests in any other part of the world. – During fiscal year 2010, the Regular Army reported a strength of 561,979 soldiers; the Army National Guard (ARNG) reported 362,015 and the United States Army Reserve (USAR) reported 205,281 putting the combined component strength total at 1,129,275 soldiers. 26. Military Departments • The marines are the combat-ready land force for the Navy. 195,000 active (as of February 2013) 40,000 reserve (as of 2010) • • The navy must be ready to: – – Seize or defend land bases from which the ships of the fleet and the navy and marine air arms can operate. Carry out other land operations essential to a naval campaign. 27. Military Departments • Air Force • As of 2012 the US Air Force has 332,854 active personnel, 185,522 civilian personnel, 71,400 reserve personnel, 106,700 air guard personnel and a $140 billion budget. • The youngest military service. • The USAF serves as the first line of defense. 28. Military Departments • B-52 Bomber 29. Military Departments • B-2 Stealth Bomber 30. Other Defense Agencies • The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is an intelligence agency of the United States Government. • Its primary function is obtaining and analyzing information about foreign governments, corporations, and persons, and reporting such information to the branches of the Government. 31. Other Defense Agencies • Its secondary function is propaganda or public relations, overt and covert information dissemination, both true and false, and influencing others to decide in favor of the United States Government. • The third function of the CIA is as the hidden hand of the U.S. government, by engaging in covert operations at the direction of the President. 32. Other Defense Agencies • Its headquarters are in the community of Langley, Virginia, a few miles Northwest from downtown Washington, D.C. along the Potomac River. • John O. Brennan is the current director of the CIA. 33. Selective Service System • From 1940 to 1973 the draft, -- military conscription, compulsory military service – was a major source of military manpower. • From 1948 to 1973 nearly 5 million young men were drafted. • The draft law places a military obligation on all males in the U.S. between the ages of 18 ½ and 26. 34. Foreign Policy • The Monroe Doctrine solidified our ideas of isolationism. • In 1823 Pres. James Monroe stated, “any attempt on their part to extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety”. • The Monroe Doctrine was eventually used to explain intervention in South and Central America. 35. Foreign Policy • The Open Door Policy in China. • An American doctrine that promoted equal trade access for all nations and a demand that China’s independence be recognized. • The Open Door policy worsened the relationship between the U.S. and Japan. 36. Foreign Policy and the World Wars • Germany’s attack against U.S. ships brought us out of our isolationist cocoon. • America entered WWI to “make the world safe for democracy” • Sound familiar? • Following the wars the U.S. adopted a policy of collective security. 37. Foreign Policy and the World Wars • Collective Security the purpose of the U.N., to create a system in which participating nations agree to take joint action to meet a threat. • In recent history collective security has been a corner stone of American foreign policy. • The policy of deterrence is also another major form of U.S. policy. 38. U.S. Foreign Policy Today • Deterrence the policy of making the U.S. and its allies so strong that its very strength will prevent any attack. • During the Cold War the U.S. adopted the policy of containment. • Containment says that the goal is to contain Soviet communism w/in its borders to promote the eventual collapse.