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Norton Media Library
Chapter 23
The United States
and the Cold War,
1945–1953
Eric Foner
I. The Freedom Train
II. Origins of the Cold War
A. The Two Powers
1.
2.
The United States emerged from World War II as by
far the world’s greatest power
The only power that in any way could rival the
United States was the Soviet Union
II. Origins of the Cold War (con’t)
B.
The Roots of Containment
1.
2.
3.
It seems all but inevitable that the two major powers to emerge
from the war would come into conflict
Many Americans became convinced that Stalin was violating
the promise of free election in Poland agreed to at the Yalta
conference of 1945
The Long Telegram advised the Truman administration that the
Soviets could not be dealt with as a normal government
a.
b.
“Containment”
Iron Curtain speech
II. Origins of the Cold War (con’t)
C. The Truman Doctrine
1.
2.
3.
4.
Truman soon determined to put the policy of
containment into effect
To rally popular backing for Greece and Turkey,
Truman rolled out the heaviest weapon in his
rhetorical arsenal—the defense of freedom
The Truman Doctrine created the language through
which most Americans came to understand the
postwar world
Truman’s rhetoric suggested that the United States
had assumed a permanent global responsibility
II. Origins of the Cold War (con’t)
D. The Marshall Plan
1.
2.
George Marshall pledged the United States to
contribute billions of dollars to finance the economic
recovery of Europe
The Marshall Plan offered a positive vision to go
along with containment
a.
3.
The Marshall Plan envisioned a New Deal for Europe
The Marshall Plan proved to be one of the most
successful foreign aid programs in history
II. Origins of the Cold War (con’t)
E.
The Berlin Blockade and NATO
1.
In 1945 the Soviets cut off road and rail traffic from the
American, British, and French zones of occupied Germany to
Berlin
a.
2.
3.
In 1949 the Soviet Union tested its first atomic bomb
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) pledged
mutual defense against any future Soviet attack
a.
4.
5.
An eleven-month allied airlift followed
Warsaw Pact
Communists won the civil war in China in 1949
In the wake of these events, the National Security Council
approved a call for a permanent military buildup to enable the
United States to pursue a global crusade against communism
a.
NSC 68
II. Origins of the Cold War (con’t)
F.
The Korean War
1.
2.
In June 1950, the North Korean army invaded the South, hoping
to reunify the country under Communist control
American troops did the bulk of the fighting on this first
battlefield of the Cold War
a.
3.
4.
General Douglas MacArthur
Korea made it clear that the Cold War, which began in Europe,
had become a global conflict
Taken together, the events of 1947–53 showed that the world
had been divided in two
II. Origins of the Cold War (con’t)
G.
Cold War Critics
1.
2.
H.
Casting the Cold War in terms of a worldwide battle between
freedom and slavery had unfortunate consequences
Walter Lippmann objected to turning foreign policy into an
“ideological crusade”
The Free World
1.
2.
Although America granted independence to the Philippines in
1946, much of Europe intended to keep their empire
Economics and geopolitical interests motivated American
foreign policy, but the language of freedom was used to justify
its actions
III. The Cold War and the Idea of
Freedom
A. The Cultural Cold War
1. One of the more unusual Cold War
battlefields involved American history and
culture
a. Hollywood
2. The Central Intelligence Agency and Defense
Department emerged as unlikely patrons of
the arts
III. The Cold War and the Idea of
Freedom (con’t)
B. Freedom and Totalitarianism
1. Works produced by artists who considered
themselves thoroughly nonpolitical became
weapons in the cultural Cold War
a. Jackson Pollock
b. The New York School
2. Along with freedom, the Cold War’s other
great mobilizing concept was
“totalitarianism”
III. The Cold War and the Idea of
Freedom (con’t)
3. Totalitarianism left no room for individual
rights or alternative values and therefore
could never change from within
a.
McCarran Internal Security Act
4. Just as the conflict over slavery redefined
American freedom in the nineteenth century,
and the confrontation with the Nazis shaped
understandings of freedom during World War
II, the Cold War reshaped them once again
III. The Cold War and the Idea of
Freedom (con’t)
C. The Rise of Human Rights
1.
2.
3.
The idea that rights exist applicable to all members of
the human family originated during the eighteenth
century in the Enlightenment and the American and
French Revolutions
In 1948, the United Nations General Assembly
approved the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
After the Cold War ended, the idea of human rights
would play an increasingly prominent role in world
affairs
a.
Freedom House
IV. The Truman Presidency
A. The Fair Deal
1.
2.
Truman’s first domestic task was to preside over the transition
from a wartime to a peacetime economy
Truman moved to revive the stalled momentum of the New
Deal
B. The Postwar Strike Wave
1.
2.
3.
The AFL and CIO launched Operation Dixie, a campaign to
bring unionization to the South
In 1946, nearly 5 million workers went on strike
President Truman feared the strikes would seriously disrupt the
economy
IV. The Truman Presidency
(con’t)
C. The Republican Resurgence
1.
2.
Republicans swept to control both houses of Congress in 1946
Congress turned aside Truman’s Fair Deal program
a.
Taft-Harley Act
D. Postwar Civil Rights
1.
2.
Immediately after the war, the status of black Americans
enjoyed a prominence in national affairs unmatched since
Reconstruction
The Brooklyn Dodgers added Jackie Robinson to their team in
1947
IV. The Truman Presidency
(con’t)
E. To Secure These Rights
1.
A Commission on Civil Rights appointed by the
president issued To Secure These Rights
a.
2.
In 1948, Truman presented an ambitious civil rights
program to Congress
a.
3.
It called on the federal government to abolish segregation
and discrimination
Truman desegregated the armed forces
The Democratic platform of 1948 was the most
progressive in the party’s history
IV. The Truman Presidency
(con’t)
F.
The Dixiecrat and Wallace Revolts
1.
Dixiecrats formed the States’ Rights Party
a.
2.
Strom Thurmond
A group of left-wing critics of Truman’s foreign policy formed
the Progressive Party
a.
Henry Wallace
G. The 1948 Campaign
1.
2.
Truman’s main opponent was the colorless Republican Thomas
A. Dewey
Truman’s success represented one of the greatest upsets in
American political history
V. The Anticommunist Crusade
1.
2.
The Cold War encouraged a culture of secrecy and dishonesty
At precisely the moment when the United States celebrated
freedom as the foundation of American life, the right to dissent
came under attack
A. Loyalty and Disloyalty
1.
2.
Those who could be linked to communism were enemies of
freedom
HUAC hearings against Hollywood began in 1947
V. The Anticommunist Crusade
(con’t)
B. The Spy Trials
1.
2.
HUAC investigation against Alger Hiss
The Rosenbergs were convicted for spying and
executed in 1953
C. McCarthy and McCarthyism
1.
2.
Senator Joseph McCarthy announced in 1950 that he
had a list of 205 Communists working for the State
Department
McCarthy’s downfall came with nationally televised
Army-McCarthy hearings in 1954
V. The Anticommunist Crusade
(con’t)
D. An Atmosphere of Fear
1.
Anticommunism was as much a local as a national
phenomenon
a.
b.
2.
3.
“Red squads”
Private organizations
Local anticommunist groups forced public libraries
to remove “un-American” books from their shelves
The courts did nothing to halt the political repression
a.
Dennis v. United States
V. The Anticommunist Crusade
(con’t)
E. The Uses of Anticommunism
1.
2.
3.
Anticommunism had many faces and purposes
Anticommunism also served as a weapon wielded by
individuals and groups in battles unrelated to defending the
United States against subversion
The anticommunist crusade promoted a new definition of
loyalty—conformity
a.
Henry Steele Commager
F. Anticommunist Politics
1.
2.
The McCarran Internal Security Bill of 1950
The McCarran-Walter Act of 1952
V. The Anticommunist Crusade
(con’t)
G. Cold War Civil Rights
1.
Every political and social organization had to
cooperate with the anticommunist crusade or face
destruction
a.
2.
Organized labor rid itself of its left-wing officials and
emerged as a major supporter of the foreign policy of the
Cold War
The civil rights movement also underwent a
transformation
a.
The NAACP purged Communists from local branches
V. The Anticommunist Crusade
(con’t)
3.
4.
5.
The Cold War caused a shift in thinking and tactics
among civil rights groups
Dean Acheson’s speech to the Delta Council was
filled with irony
After 1948, little came of the Truman
administration’s civil rights flurry, but time would
reveal that the waning of the civil rights impulse was
only temporary
Cold War Europe, 1956
The Korean War,
1950–1953
The Presidential Election of 1948
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This concludes the Norton Media Library
Slide Set for Chapter 23
Give Me Liberty!
An American History
by
Eric Foner
W. W. Norton & Company
Independent and Employee-Owned